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instincts
fixed patterns of behavior in animals that are triggered by specific stimuli
drive-reduction theory
behavior is motivated by the need to maintain homeostasis
ghrelin “growlin stomach”
a hormone produced in the stomach that stimulates appetite
leptin “last bite”
helps tell your brain that you are full
belongingness
a human desire to sustain meaningful relationships which drives behavior and effects emotional health
arousal theory
individuals ability to focus and level of alertness
yerkes-dodson law
performance increases with alertness but only up to a point
sensation-seeking theory
someone’s motivation is driven by the need for new intense experiences
thrill seeking
where people are motivated by the desire from instense and exciting experinces often involving risk
adventure seeking
people are motivated by the desire from new and challenging experiences, often involving physical activities and exploration
disinhibiton
making decisions to seek social and experiential thrills by engaging in behaviors that are typically not accepted
boredom susceptibility
refers to someones intolerance for repetitive experiences, leading to seek out new and stimulating activites to avoid boredom
incentive theory
behavior motivated by the desire for external rewards
self-determination theory
proposes that people are motivated by internal motivations such as personal growth and fulliment or external motivations like rewards
intrinsic motivation
refers to engaging in activities for their own sake, driven by internal rewards like personal satisfaction
extrinsic motivation
engaging in behavior due to external rewards or pressure,such as money and grades
lewins motivational conflicts theory
describes the psychological struggles people face when making decisions
approach-approach conflicts
occur when someone must choose between two desirable options of which outcome to pursue
avoidance-avoidance conflicts
occur when someone must choose between two undesirable options, leading to a conflict of which negative outcome avoid
approach-avoidance conflicts
occur when someone is drawn to and repelled by the same option, leading to a conflict between the desire for a positive outcome and fear of negative consequence
elicitors
stimuli or events that trigger an emotional response in someone
arousal comes before emotion
suggest that emotions follow bodily arousal, we feel sad because we cry
facial-feedback hypothesis
suggests that facial expressions can influence emotions
arousal and emotion occur simultaneously
an emotion-triggering stimulus causes both bodily arousal and emotional experience at the same time
arousal+ cognitive label= emotion
broaden-and-build theory of emotion
positive emotions help us think more openly and try new things, negative emotions do thee opposite
universal emotions
idea that certain emotional expressions are common and experienced across different cultures
display rules
where people show emotion based on social context
ostracism
deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups
achievement motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment, the desire to want to master in skills or ideas
grit
passion and perseverance in long-term goals
set point
basal metabolic rate
behavior feedback effect
the tendency of behavior influences our own and others thoughts,feelings,and actions
health psychology
the study of how psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors contribute to physical health and illness
stressors
events or conditions that trigger stress by challenging someones abilities to cope or adjust
eustress (motivating)
positive stress that enhances motivation, performance, and emotional well-being
distress (debilitating)
negative stress that decreases motivation, messes with performance and leads to emotional and physical problems
Holmes and Rahe stress scale for Youth
a stress where youth check boxes next to events you have experienced in the past year to measure stress levels
adverse childhood experiences
stressful or traumatic events in childhood that can have long-lasting effects on health
general adaption syndrome
three- stage response to stress
alarm reaction phase
the first stage where the body reacts to a stressor
fight-flight- freeze response
a physiological reaction to perceived threats that prepares the body to fight, flee, or freeze to enhance survival
resistance phase
the second stage of gas where the body tries to adapt and cope with a stressor
exhaustion stage
the final stage in gas where the body resources used up after prolonged stress, leading to decreased stress tolerance and potential health issues
tend-and-befriend theory
behavioral reaction to stress that involves nurturing activities to protect oneself and one’s offspring (occurs mostly in women)
problem-focused coping
involves directly managing or solving the source of stress to reduce its impact
emotion-focused coping
managing the emotional response to stress rather than changing the stressful situation itself
positive psychology
the scientific study of human flourishing to help people and communities to thrive
subjective well-being
self-perceieved happiness or satification with life
resilience
to adapt and recover quickly from difficulties or change
post-traumatic growth
positive psychological changes expeirenced as a result of struggling with highly challenging life
positive emotions
feelings that foster enjoyment, interest, and contentment contribute to overall well-being
signature strengths & virtue
core charteristics that a person naturally possesses and expresses, which contributes to
wisdom
the ability to make sound decisions based on deep understanding and experience
courage
the mental or moral strength to preserve and withstand fear or difficulty
humanity
the quality of being compassionate, empathetic, and supportive towards others
justice
a commitment to fairness, equity, and advocating for the rights of others
temperance
control over your impulses and emotions
transcendence
the ability to connect to the larger universe and find meaning beyond oneself
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