Unit 3 Revolutions

European Enlightenment

European Enlightenment

A period in the 18th century where European thinkers questioned the authority of religion and monarchy, emphasizing reason and rationality in human institutions.

Scientific Revolution

A movement that emphasized the use of reason and rationality in the study of the physical sciences and influenced Enlightenment thinkers.

John Locke

An English philosopher who advocated for natural rights and the consent of the governed, challenging the authority of corrupt kings and nobles.

Natural rights

The idea that all humans are born with the rights of life, liberty, and property, which should be protected by the state.

Consent of Governed

The idea that if the state fails to protect natural rights, the people have the right to reform or replace the government.

Separation of powers

The doctrine proposed by Baron de Montesquieu, advocating for the division of state powers into legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent tyranny.

Philosophes

Enlightenment thinkers who questioned the role of religion and the state, advocating for individual freedoms and popular involvement in government.

Voltaire

A famous philosopher who argued against state religion, advocating for religious tolerance and the protection of private religious practices.

Social contract

The idea, advocated by Rousseau, that the collective will of the people should be the ultimate authority of the state.

American Revolution

A conflict in which American colonists challenged British authority, inspired by Enlightenment ideals of natural rights and limited government.

French Revolution

A revolution in France that began as an Enlightenment uprising against the monarchy, leading to the establishment of a constitutional republic.

Reign of Terror

A period during the French Revolution characterized by mass executions and political repression, led by Maximilien Robespierre.

Napoleon Bonaparte

A military leader who seized power in France, becoming a dictator and emperor, and expanded French territory through the Napoleonic Wars.

Grand Duchy of Warsaw

A territory formed by cutting off half of Prussia under Napoleon's rule.

Puppet rulers

Napoleon placed puppet rulers on conquered thrones to maintain control over the conquered territories.

Joseph Bonaparte

Napoleon's brother who was made the king of Spain as a puppet ruler.

Alliance

Napoleon formed alliances with various countries to strengthen his position and expand his empire.

Continental System

Napoleon's policy to ban British ships from European ports and restrict trade between Europe and Great Britain.

Battle of Trafalgar

A naval battle in which Admiral Horatio Nelson defeated Napoleon's attempt to invade Great Britain.

Battle of Austerlitz

Napoleon's victory over the Austrians in 1805.

Confederation of the Rhine

A confederation formed by Napoleon in West Germany to provide a buffer and consolidate his control.

Holy Roman Empire

Napoleon dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, and Francis II became Francis I of Austria.

War of Fourth Coalition

Prussia entered the war against Napoleon in 1806, but Napoleon defeated them at the Battle of Jena and Auerstadt.

Treaties of Tilsit

Treaties signed between Napoleon, Tsar Alexander I, and Frederick William III of Prussia to end the War of Fourth Coalition.

Meritocracy

Napoleon set up meritocracies in conquered lands, where power and economic goods were based on talent, effort, and achievement rather than social class.

Peninsular War

A war in Spain and Portugal where the Spanish rose in revolt against French rule and engaged in guerrilla warfare.

Hundred Days

The period when Napoleon returned to power in France after his exile, which ended with his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.

Napoleon III

Louis Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, declared himself Emperor Napoleon III of the Second French Empire.

Haitian Revolution

A successful slave rebellion led by Toussaint Louverture that resulted in the independence of Haiti from France.

Latin American Revolutions

Revolutions in Latin America led by figures like Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin, which resulted in the independence of many South American colonies from Spain.

Sepoy Mutiny

A rebellion by Indian soldiers against the British East India Company, fueled by rumors of religious insensitivity.

Ottomanism

An attempt by the Ottoman Empire to form a national identity and deal with growing ethnic discontent and nationalism.

Unification of Germany and Italy

The process of unifying smaller feudal states into modern-day Germany and Italy, led by figures like Count Cavour and Otto von Bismarck.

Filipino nationalism

The emergence of a nationalistic movement in the Philippines, seeking independence from Spanish and later American rule.

European Enlightenment

Shift from the central authority of religion to questioning the roles of God, kings, and nobles.

Influence of the scientific revolution

Emphasizing reason and rationality in human institutions.

John Locke

Introduced concepts of natural rights and the consent of the governed.

Voltaire

Opposed state religion and advocated for private religious practice.

Rousseau

Introduced the idea of the general will and the collective will of the people as the ultimate authority.

Impacts of Enlightenment

Spread of revolutionary ideals questioning religion and government.

French Revolution

Causes such as financial crisis, social inequality, and Enlightenment ideals.

Estates General, Tennis Court Oath, and Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Key events during the French Revolution.

Great Fear, Storming of the Bastille, and March on Versailles

Significant events during the French Revolution.

Reign of Terror, rise of the Directory, and rise of Napoleon Bonaparte

Phases of the French Revolution.

Napoleonic Wars

Napoleon's rise to power, domestic policies, and the Napoleonic Code.

Expansion of Napoleon's empire, Continental System, and opposition from Britain

Key aspects of the Napoleonic Wars.

Invasion of Russia, Hundred Days, and Battle of Waterloo

Major events during the Napoleonic Wars.

Napoleon's legacy and impact on Europe

Including the destruction of the Holy Roman Empire.

Latin American Revolutions

Influence of Enlightenment ideals on leaders like Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín.

Independence movements in Venezuela, Argentina, and Mexico

Key Latin American revolutions.

Brazil's bloodless revolution and establishment of independence

Unique aspects of Brazil's independence.

Ottoman nationalism and Tanzimat Reforms

Ottoman attempts at nationalism through reforms.

German and Italian unification

Count Cavour, Giuseppe Garibaldi, and Otto von Bismarck's roles.

Filipino nationalism

Emergence during the Philippine Revolution and the fight for independence.