Sensation and Perception

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 36 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/67

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

68 Terms

1
New cards

Nearsightedness

Unable to see objects in the distance.

2
New cards

Farsightedness

Unable to see objects close to your eye.

3
New cards

inattentional blindness

The phenomenon of missing what’s right in front of your eyes.

4
New cards

parapsyhology

the study of paranormal phenomena

5
New cards

extrasensory perception (ESP)

the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input, includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition.

6
New cards

embodied cognition

the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments.

7
New cards

sensory interaction

the principle that one sense can influence another

8
New cards

vestibular sense

our balance sense- our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance

9
New cards

kinesthesia

our movement sense- our system for sensing the position and movement of the individual body parts.

10
New cards

olfaction

sense of smell

11
New cards

Gustation

sense of taste

12
New cards

posthypnotic suggestion

a suggestion made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out when the subject isn’t hypnotised anymore.

13
New cards

Dissociation

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.

14
New cards

Hypnosis

A social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

15
New cards

Frequency Theory

in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch. (Temporal coding)

16
New cards

Place Theory

in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where cochlea’s membrane is stimulated. (place coding)

17
New cards

cochlear implant

a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

18
New cards

conduction hearing loss

A less common form of hearing loss, damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound to cochlea.

19
New cards

sensorineural hearing loss

the most common form of hearing loss, damage to the cochlea’s receptors or auditory nerve; also called nerve deafness

20
New cards

Inner ear

innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

21
New cards

Cochlea

A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner-ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear

22
New cards

Middle Ear

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones- Hammer, anvil, and stirrup- that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window

23
New cards

pitch

a tone’s experienced highness or lowness: Depends on frequency.

24
New cards

Frequency

The number if complete wave-lengths that pass a point in given time

25
New cards

Audition

The sense or act of hearing

26
New cards
Sensation
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
27
New cards
sensory receptors
sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli
28
New cards
perception
the process by which our brain organizes and interprets sensory information, enabling use to recognize objects and events as meaningfuk
29
New cards
bottom-up processing
information processing that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to our brain’s integration of sensory information
30
New cards
top-down processing
information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as we construct perceptions drawing on our experiences and expectations.
31
New cards
transduction
conversion of one form of energy to another. In sensations, transforming taste,touch,sound into neural impulses our brain can interpret
32
New cards
psychophysics
the study of relationships between physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.
33
New cards
absolute threshold
the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.
34
New cards
signal detection theory
a theory predicting how and when the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivations and emotions.
35
New cards
Subliminal
below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness.
36
New cards
Difference threshold
the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. A noticeable difference
37
New cards
Weber’s Law
the principle that to be perceived different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)
38
New cards
Priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations , thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response
39
New cards
Sensory Adaptation
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.
40
New cards
Perceptual Set
A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.
41
New cards
Wavelength
the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. From short blips of gamma rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.
42
New cards
Hue
the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light.
43
New cards
Intensity
the amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness, is determined by the wave’s amplitude (height)
44
New cards
Retina
The light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.
45
New cards
Accommodation
The process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
46
New cards
Rods
retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, and are sensitive to movement. Necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don’t respond.
47
New cards
Cones
retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. Detects fine detail and give rise to color sensations.
48
New cards
Optic Nerve
Carries neural impulses from eye to brain.
49
New cards
Blindspot
the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there.
50
New cards
Fovea
The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster.
51
New cards
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
The theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors- one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue- which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.
52
New cards
Opponent-process theory
The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision. Some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.
53
New cards
Feature Detectors
nerve cells brain’s visual cortex that respond to specific features of stimulus, such as shape, angle of movement,
54
New cards
parallel processing
processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously
55
New cards
Gestalt
An organized whole. Pieces of informations into meaningful wholes.
56
New cards
Figure-ground
The organization of the visual fields into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)
57
New cards
grouping
the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.
58
New cards
Depth Perception
The ability to see objects in three dimensions, although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance
59
New cards
Visual Cliff
A laboratory Device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals. Created by Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk (1960)
60
New cards
Binocular cue
A depth cue, such as retinal disparity, depends on the use of two eyes
61
New cards
Retinal Disparity
A binocular cue for perceiving depth. Depends on the use of two eyes.
62
New cards
Monocular Cue
A depth cue available to either eye alone
63
New cards
Phi Phenomenon
An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession.
64
New cards
Perceptual constancy
Perceiving objects as unchanging (Same color, brightness, shape and size) even as illumination and retinal images change.
65
New cards
Perceptual Adaption
The ability to adjust to changed sensory input
66
New cards
67
New cards
68
New cards