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chromatin
inside of the nucleus, this structure is how DNA is stored
beads on a string
the string is DNA, the beads are histone proteins (the string coils around the histone proteins for structure)
histones
proteins found in chromatin that the DNA wraps around
nucleosomes
negatively charged DNA wrapped around positively charged histone proteins and can either be loose (euchromatin) or tight (heterochromatin)
can be rearranged by sliding/removing histone groups
heterochromatin
tightly-packed histones in chromatin, usually aren’t expressed
RNA polymerase cannot access when tightly-packed together
closed chromatin, conformation, repression
DNA methylation
on the chromatin level, the addition of methyl groups to some cytosine bases in DNA → reduced transcription
genomic imprinting
methylation regulates expression of either maternal/paternal alleles at the start of development
euchromatin
in the chromatin, these genes are usually more expressed
open chromatin, conformation, activation
histone acetylation
on the chromatin level, this is where the chromatin is loosened and transcription occurs more
transcription factors
on the transcription level, these are used to start transcription by activators binding to the enhancer to stimulate transcription
some function as repressors, making a gene unable to be expressed
alternative RNA splicing
on the RNA processing level, depending on which RNA segments are treated as introns or exons, certain genes may/may not be present
mRNA regradation
on the translation level, mRNA has a lifespan and is often in the 3’ UTR
regulatory proteins
on the translation level, mRNA translation can be blocked by ______________, often binding to the 5’ UTR
proteasomes
on the post-translational level, a giant protein complex binds to tagged protein molecules to degrade them (protein degradation)
regulatory vs general transcription factors
general
essential to any transcription for all genes
mostly covers the basic groundwork genes
regulatory
regulate transcription to specific genes
mostly covers the specific genes