Studied by 0 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Phylogeny
The study of the evolutionary history and relationships among species.
Phylogenetic Trees
Diagrams that show the inferred evolutionary relationships among various biological species based on similarities and differences in genetic characteristics.
Endosymbiotic Theory
The theory that certain organelles in eukaryotic cells originated as free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic Cells
Single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Chemoautotroph
A microorganism that uses chemical energy to convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds.
Photoautotroph
An organism that makes its own carbon from light energy.
Chemoheterotroph
An organism that obtains carbon from other living things.
Photoheterotroph
An organism that obtains energy from light but acquires carbon from organic sources.
Horizontal Gene Transfer
The incorporation of genetic material from one organism to another without reproduction occurring via transformation, transduction, or conjugation.
Eukaryotic Supergroups
Four groups characterized by distinctive features: Excavata, SAR, Archaeplastida, and Unikonts.
Protist Importance
Protists play vital roles in ecosystems as primary producers, decomposers, and integral parts of the food chain.
Chitin
A long-chain polymer that is a primary component of fungal cell walls.
Cellulose
A carbohydrate that is a primary component of plant cell walls.
Haploid
A cell that contains one complete set of chromosomes.
Diploid
A cell that contains two complete sets of chromosomes.
Sporopollenin
A biopolymer that protects the zygote from desiccation in land plants.
Apical Meristems
Regions of fast mitosis for growth at root and shoot tips in plants.
Gymnosperms
A group of seed-producing plants characterized by the presence of seeds that are not enclosed in an ovary.
Spores
Unicellular reproductive units that develop into an organism under specific conditions.
Seeds
Reproductive structures that contain an embryo encased in a protective coat.
Xylem
The vascular tissue in plants that transports water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves.
Phloem
The vascular tissue in plants that transports nutrients produced by photosynthesis from leaves to roots.
Excavata
Excavated groove
Stramenopiles:hairy flagella
Alveolates:membrane bound sacs
Rhizarians:amoebas
SAR Clade
Archaeplastida
Red and green algae
Unikonts
Animals and fungi
Alternation of Generations
Two haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote, which develops into a sporophyte through multiple rounds of mitosis. The sporophyte produces haploid spores through meiosis, which then develop into gametophytes. The gametophytes produce gametes, and the cycle repeats
Gametophyte
The haploid phase of the alternation of generations that develops from spores and produces gametes (sperm and eggs) through mitosis.
Sporophyte
The diploid phase of the alternation of generations that develops from the fertilization of gametes and produces spores through meiosis.
Fertilization
Occurs when gametes from the gametophyte phase unite, leading to the formation of a diploid zygote, which develops into the sporophyte.
Bryophytes
Non-vascular land plants that include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, typically characterized by a dominant gametophyte phase in their life cycle.
Adaptations of Bryophytes
A waxy cuticle to prevent desiccation, rhizoids for anchorage, and the ability to reproduce via spores.
Gametangia
Specialized structures in bryophytes where gametes are produced; include antheridia (male) and archegonia (female).
Stomata
Small openings on the surface of leaves that allow gas exchange while minimizing water loss.
Dominant Fungi Phase
Haploid gametophyte
Dominant bryophyte and gymnosperm phase
diploid sporophyte
