A description of where the electrons in an atom most likely are. One orbital holds two electrons.
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Aufbau’s Principle
Electrons fill lowest energy levels first
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Hund’s Rule
Electrons fill orbitals in order to maximize unpaired electrons
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Pauli Exclusion Principle
No two electrons in the same orbital can have the same spin
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Ions definition
Charged particles
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Octet Rule
All atoms want to have 8 valence electrons
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Ionization Energy definition
Energy required to remove an electron
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Ionization energy increase from…
L→R, B→T
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Electron Shielding definition
Blocking effect of full energy shells (s^2 p^6)
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Electron Shielding increases from…
T→B, R→L
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Reactivity/Metallic Character definition
Tendency of an atom to lose an electron
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Reactivity/Metallic Character increases from…
R→L, T→B
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Electronegativity Definition
The tendency of an atom to gain an electron
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Electronegativity increases from…
L→R, B→T
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The bottom left of the periodic table has…
The most shielding and least attraction
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The top right of the periodic table has…
The least shielding and most attraction
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Where are the alkali metals?
Group 1 (with the exception of Hydrogen)
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Where are the alkaline earth metals?
Group 2
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Where are the transition metals?
Group 3-12
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Where are the halogens?
Group 17
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Where are the noble gases?
Group 18
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Where are the metals?
Everything to the left of the staircase
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Where are the nonmetals?
Everything to the right of the staircase
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Characteristics of metals
Low energy, lose electrons, positive ions, no electrons
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Characteristics of nonmetals
High energy, gain electrons, negative ions, 8 electrons
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What is block S?
Group 1 and 2
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What is block P?
Group 13-18
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What is block D?
Group 3-12, but only the ones attached to the table
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What is block F?
Group 5-18, but the only the ones at the bottom, unattached from the main part of the table
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What does an orbital diagram look like?
It’s doesn’t look like your typical diagram, it has the one sided arrows after the subshell name
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What does isoelectronic mean?
If two elements are isoelectronic, they have the same number of electrons, different number of protons, and the neutrons are unclear. These are elements with brackets around them and a charged number in the right corner that help them get to the closest noble gas.
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How do you easily find the number of valence electrons an element has?
Count how many numbers over it is from left to right; that’s its valence electron number
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What does electron configuration look like?
The subshell names alongside the number of electrons the element holds in the top right corner (2s^2)
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What are Lewis Dot Diagrams?
Simple diagrams that show the number and location of valence electrons
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What are metals?
Elements with properties
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What is a photon?
A wavelength of light
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What are the 3 steps for abbreviated electron configuration?
Identify last electrons of the element
Identify the noble gas in period above
Fill from next s shell to last electrons
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Why do atoms get larger as you go down a group?
Because the more you go down a group, the more electron shielding. This means that there is a greater distance between the valence electrons and nucleus, so the atomic radius increases.
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Why do atoms get atoms get smaller as you move left to right?
Because as you go left to right, there are more protons. These protons and electrons attract and shrink the electron cloud. Along with this, there is less shielding, so the nucleus and valence electrons are close and condensed.
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