BIO 1030 Lab exam Animals

Define Caudal

The tail region of an animal.

Define Posterior

The tail or hind end of an animal.

Define Anterior

The front or head end of an animal.

Define Cephalic

The head region of an animal.

Define Ventral

The underside of an animal.

Define Dorsal

The back or uppermost side of an animal.

Define Distal

A structure farthest from a reference point (e.g., wrist is distal to the shoulder).

Define Proximal

A structure closest to a reference point (e.g., elbow is proximal to the shoulder).

Define Oral

The mouth region of an animal.

Define Coelom

A fluid-filled body cavity completely lined with mesoderm.

Define Acoelomate

Animals lacking a coelom, such as flatworms.

Define Pseudocoelomate

Animals with a body cavity partially lined with mesoderm, such as nematodes.

Define Coelomate

Animals with a body cavity fully lined with mesoderm, such as annelids and mollusks.

Describe the Water Vascular System in Echinoderms

A system of fluid-filled canals used for locomotion, feeding, and respiration.

What is the function of Tube Feet in Echinoderms?

Used for movement and feeding via suction created by ampullae.

What is the Madreporite?

A porous structure that regulates water entry into the water vascular system in echinoderms.

What is the function of the Hepatic Caeca in starfish?

Digestive glands that aid in digestion and nutrient absorption.

Describe the function of a Radial Canal in echinoderms

Transports water to tube feet for movement.

Define Cheliped

The large claws of a crayfish used for defense and capturing food.

Define Pereiopods

The walking legs of a crayfish.

Define Pleopods (Swimmerets)

Appendages on the abdomen of crayfish used for swimming and reproduction.

Define Uropods

Tail appendages of a crayfish that help in movement and stability.

Define Telson

The middle section of a crayfish tail used for propulsion.

Describe the function of the Crayfish Gills

Used for respiration, extracting oxygen from water.

What is the function of the Cardiac Stomach in a crayfish?

Grinds food before passing it to the pyloric stomach.

What is the function of the Pyloric Stomach in a crayfish?

Filters and digests food before it enters the intestine.

What type of circulatory system do arthropods have?

An open circulatory system, meaning blood flows into sinuses instead of being enclosed in vessels.

Define Notochord

A flexible rod that provides structural support in chordates.

Define Pharyngeal Gill Slits

Openings in the pharynx of chordates, used for filter-feeding or respiration.

Define Post-Anal Tail

A tail extending beyond the anus, present in chordate embryos.

Define Deuterostomia

A clade of animals where the blastopore becomes the anus (e.g., echinoderms and chordates).

Define Protostomia

A clade of animals where the blastopore becomes the mouth (e.g., mollusks, annelids, arthropods).

What is the function of the Malpighian Tubules in insects?

Excretory structures that remove waste from the blood.

How do arthropods grow?

Through ecdysis (molting), shedding their exoskeleton.

Describe the function of the Typhlosole in annelids

An internal fold in the intestine that increases surface area for nutrient absorption.

Define Lophophore

A ciliated feeding structure found in some Lophotrochozoa.

Define Trochophore

A ciliated larval stage found in mollusks and annelids.

Describe the developmental and morphological traits discussed in Lab 2

After fertilization, cleavage forms a blastula, which undergoes gastrulation to form tissue layers.

Explain how developmental and morphological traits are used to create a phylogenetic tree

Traits such as symmetry, tissue layers, and blastopore fate determine evolutionary relationships.

Define True Tissues

Layers of cells separated by a thin protein membrane, allowing specialized functions.

Differentiate between Parazoa and Eumetazoa

Parazoa (sponges) lack true tissues, while Eumetazoa have distinct tissue layers.

Define Body Symmetry

The way an animal’s body can be divided into mirror-image halves.

Describe Asymmetry

No regular body shape or symmetry, seen in sponges.

Describe Radial Symmetry

Multiple planes of symmetry around a central axis, found in cnidarians.

Describe Bilateral Symmetry

A single plane divides the body into left and right halves, seen in most animals.

Explain Cephalization

The concentration of sensory organs at the anterior end, aiding in movement and coordination.

Define Diploblastic

Organisms with two germ layers (ectoderm and endoderm), found in cnidarians.

Define Triploblastic

Organisms with three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm), found in Bilateria.

Define Blastopore

The first opening that forms during gastrulation, leading to either the mouth or anus.

Differentiate between Protostomes and Deuterostomes

Protostomes develop the mouth first, while deuterostomes develop the anus first.

Define Lophotrochozoa

A clade of protostomes that grow continuously, including mollusks and annelids.

Define Ecdysozoa

A clade of protostomes that grow by molting (ecdysis), including arthropods and nematodes.

Explain Ecdysis

The process of shedding a hard outer covering to allow for growth, seen in ecdysozoans.

Tubellaria of the Platyhelminthes

Identify what organism this is

A) Turbellaria

B) Cestoda

C) Trematode

Enteron - Gastrovascular cavity

Identify the branched structure in this platyhelminthe

This is a cross section of a Hydra class Hydrozoa (dominant polyp stage), Phylum Cnidarian.

1. Epidermis

2. Gastrovascular Cavity

3. Mesoglea (just below)

4. Gastrodermis, just before the gastrovascular cavity

What is this cross section of? what organism does it belong to and name the numbered structures

Kingdom protista, Phylum Cilliophora/Cilliates (SAR Clade of the 4 super groups) (a paramecium)

Identify the kingdom and phylum of this organism

This is an amoeba (a protist) belonging to the Kingdom Protista, Phylum Unikonta

Identify this organism, their kingdom and phylum.

B) Anthozoa belongs to Cnidarian Phylum

Which of the following is incorrectly matched with their phylum?

A) Platyheliminthes - Trematodes

B) Platyhelminthes - Anthozoa

C) Cnidaria - Schyphozoa

D) Cnidaria - Hydrozoa

E) Nematoda - tubatrix

D) Cilliophora (Cilliates) - Paramecium

Asexual reproduction in the Phylum Cnidaria, class Hydrozoa

What process is occuring in the image below and what Phylum and Class is this occuring in?

Hydrozoa have a dominant polyp lifecylcle, Schyphozoa has a dominant medusa stage (jellies) and Anthozoa lack a medusa stage (corals)

What are the differences between Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa and Anthozoa

Phylum Annelida, Oligochaeta (earthworms and leaches)

Identify the organism phyla and class below

i) Coelom (true Coelom)

ii) Digestive cavity

Name the labels below of the Annelida (Lophotrochozoans) Oligochaetae (earthworm)

i) ventral blood vessel

ii) ventral nerve cord

iii) Longitudinal Muscle

Identify the labeled structures

This is the Daphnia (water flea) which is an Arthropod, Crustacean. They have an Exoskeleton, Jointed Appendages, integrated nervous system and a hameocael

Identify the Phylum and the clade of this creature below. Why is it classified this way?

The middle one

C) Arthropod

Identify the organism

A) Annelida

B) Mollusca

C) Arthropod

4. In Order it is

Annelida (Sedentaria/Oligochaeta)

Mollusca (cephalopoda)

Arthropoda (Crustacean, Chelicerates)

Platyheliminthes (tubelerria)

How many Phyla are shown in this image?

E) which includes - the presence of 3 germ layers, and showing bilateral symmetry

Which of the following features is common to all of these organisms?

A) Segmented Body

B) Three Germinal Layers

C) Bilateral Symmetry

D) Presence of some type of Coelom

E) Two of the above

(i) The Carpace (hard protective covering)

ii) The heart

i) The gills in Branchial Chamber

ii) Periopod (Walking legs)

(Big claws are called chelipids, and little swimerettes are pleopods)

D) Median Sagittal Plane

C) Cephalic, Lateral and Ventral

1. Dorsal Hollow nerve cord

2. Notochord

3. Pharyngeal Gill Slits

Chordate, cephalochordata, Amphixious (brachiostoma)

And what is this creature's phylum?

Bone Tissue with Haversian Canal in the middle

1. Hepatic Caecum

2. Gonads

Note the Gonads are just under the heart. Bilobed Ovary which is grainy. Or white ungrainy testis. Covered in pyloric stomach

Seminferous Tubule ( a tube n the testis where spermatogonia are )

A primary spermatocyte (the spermatogonia diploid cells have differentiated - pre meiotic phase)

1. The primitive streak

2. Somites

3. The neural groove

Blastomere about to undergo cleavage

1. The Dorsal Lip of the blastopore

2. yolk cells

1. The animal pole

2. The vegetal pole

(Top to Bottom)

Eye,

Gill slits

Limb Bud

(Side right top)

Allantois

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

Archenteron (primitive gut formed during gastrulation)

Blastocoel (fluid filled cavity made during cleavage)

1. (left bottom) the Caecum

2. (top right) The Diaphragm

3. The liver (one of the 5 lobes)

4. The Stomach

5. The Omentum (connects stomach to spleen)

6. Spleen

7. Descending Colon (ascending, transverse and descending)

Layers of the small intestine

(left to right)

1. Mucosa (folded to form vili

2. Submucosa (region containing larger blood vessels and lymphatics of the gut)

3. Muscularis (smooth muscle layers inner circular, and outer longitudinal)

- Not shown - serosa - outer thin connective tissue layer of the intestine

What is this slide a photo of?

Smooth Muscle

(top to bottom)

1. Dorsal Aorta

2. The Left Kidney

3. A uterine Horn

(top down)

Right Subclavian artery

Aorta

Diaphragm

Nerve fibre cells

The Vagus nerve

Phylum Echinodermata

urchins, sea cucumbers, sea stars

marine, old

slow moving, sessile

thin epidermis covering endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates

unique water vascular system

large coelom, respiration

pentaradially symmetrical

Classes of Echinodermata

1. Crinoidea

2. Asteroidea

3. Ophiuroidea

4. Echinoidea

5. Holothuroidea

Class Asteroidea

sea stars, starfish

open groove runs along each arm bordered by rows of tube feet

1cm-1m across

sea daisies have no arms

- feed on bivalves

-attach to shell using tube feet

Class Ophioroidea

brittle stars

move via serpentine motion of arms

groove closed below arms

tube feet to capture small prey & sensory

Class Echinoidea

sea urchins and sand dollars; no arms; usually move via spines operated by tube feet; vegetarians

Class Holothuroidea

sea cucumbers

elongate

leathery skin

mouth surrounded by tube feet

tube feet move animal

extrude foul smelling stomach when frightened

water vascular system

A network of hydraulic canals unique to echinoderms that branches into extensions called tube feet, which function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange