Respiratory System Exam

What are the 8 major functions of the respiratory system

\-gas exchange

\-acid-base regulation

\-immune protection

\-smell

\-speech

\-thermoregulation

\-warm/humify air inhaled

\-CV regulation

How does the RS help with immune protection

mucus membranes line the airways that trap and excell microbes

How does the RS help with cardiac regulation

\-increasing breathing increases venous return

\-protein activation for BP (ACE)

What is the process of supplying the body with O2 and removing CO2 from the body called?

respiration

Pulmonary Ventilation is the process of

breathing

external respiration is gas exhange at the ______

lungs

Internal respiration is gas exchange at the _____

tissues

What is gas exchnage at tissues also called

cellular respiration

What structures are part of the upper respiratory tract?

nose, mouth, pharynx

What structures make up the lower respiratory tract?

larynx, trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolar sac

What are the structual classifications of the RS

upper and lower respiratory tracts

What are the functional classifications of the RS

conducting and respiratory zones

The conducting zone has __ epithelium__,__ _______ cells, and cilia

thicker; goblet

The respiratory zone has ___ epithelium__,__ __ and ____ cells, and macrophages

thinner; type I and II alveolar cells

As you move inferiorly through the respiratory track cartilage becomes __ and smooth muscle becomes ______

less; more

Which areas of the RS contain non-keritanized stratified squamous epithelium

nose, mouth, pharynx, and larynx

Which areas of the RS contain ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, R. and L. bronchi, secondary bronchi, and tertiary bronchi

Which areas of the RS contain ciliated simple columnar epithelium

bronchioles up to terminal bronchioles

Which areas of the RS contain non ciliated simple columnar epithelium

terminal bronchioles

What areas of the RS contain simple cubiodal cells

respiratory bronchioles

What areas of the RS contain simple squamous cells

respiratory bronchioles and alveolus

What are the cells of the respiratory zone?

type 1 alvelor, (respiratory membrane) type II alvelor, macrophages

What tissue are type I alv cells

simple squamous

what do type I alv cells do

gas exchange

What is the respiratory membrane made of?

alveolar epitheliuem fused with capillary endothelium

Type II cells produce ( ) to maintain ( )

surfactant; patency

What bony structures form the boundaries of the thorax?

clavicle, sternum, vertebrae

The serous membrane constists of the ( ) and the ( )

parietal pleura; visceral pleura

What value indicates restful breathing

tidal volume

Inspiratory reserve volume is the max ( ) after normal ( )

inhale

Expiratory reserve volume is the ( ) exhale after ( ) exhale

max; normal

what is the amount remaining in the lungs after max exhale called?

residual volume

Inspiratory capacity is the max ( ) after normal ( )

inhale; exhale

what is the amount in the lungs after a mornal exhale called?

functional residual capacity

Vital capacity is the ( ) to the ( )

max inhale; max exhale

What is the sum of all volume called?

total lung capacity

Minute ventilation is the amount of

airflow in 1 minute

What is the equation for minute volume?

tidal volume x breathing frequency

Alveolar ventilation is the amount of ( ) reaching the ( ) per minute

fresh air; alevoli

What is the equation for alveolar volume?

minute ventilation- (dead space volume x breathing frequency)

What is the amount of air in the conducting zone called?

dead space volume

what is pressure typically at sea level

760 mmHg

What is pressure typically in the lungs

760 mmHg

What is intrapleural pressure?

the pressure between the parietal and visceral pleura

What is the equation for airflow?

(Patm-Palv)/ Resistance

Why do you want a negetive Pip value?

for the lungs to move with the thoracic cavity

What are the primary restful breathing muscles?

diapragm and external intercostals

What nerves are signaled to start inspiration

phrenic and intercostal nerves

After nerves are stimulated, ( ) of inspiratory muscles ( ) size of the thoracic cavity

contraction; increases

As lungs expand alvelor pressure ( ) and alveolar volume ( )

decreases, increases

During inspiration Patm is ( ) than P alv

greater

The first step of expiration is

a withdrawal of neural input to inspiratory muscles

in expiration ( ) of inspiratory muscles ( ) thoracic cavity size

relaxation; decreases

When the lungs recoil alveolar volume ( ) and alveolar pressure ( )

decreases; increases

In expiration Patm is ( ) than Palv

less than

What are the 3 factors affecting ventilation?

alveolar surface tension, lung compliance, and airway resistance

If you increase alveolar surface tension work of breathing will

increase

what is alveolar surface tension decreased by

surfactant

Higher lung compliance ( ) work of breathing

decreases

lower lung compliance ( ) work of breathing

increases

Airway resistance is changed by what

diameter of airway via smooth muscles of bronchioles

bronchodialation ( ) resistance and ( ) airflow

reduces; increases

bronchoconstriction ( ) resistance and ( ) airflow

increases; decreases

What are the 4 things bronchodialation is caused by

\-increased epinephrine

\-nitric oxide

\-high CO2

\-heat

What is a medication that stimulares bronchodialation

albuterol

Bronchoconstriction is caused by increase in ( ) NS activity, histamine, ( ) CO2 and ( ) temps

parasympathetic; low; colder

What is the proportion of pressure that an individual gas adds to the total pressure of a gas mixture called

partial pressure

What determines the movement of CO2 and O2

partial pressure

What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the atmosphere?

O= 160, Co2= 0.3

What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli

O= 105, Co2= 40

What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in deoxygenated blood?

O= 40 , CO2= 45

What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in oxygenated blood?

O=100, Co2= 40

What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the tissues?

O= 40, Co2= 45

At the systemic capillaries oxygen moves to ( ) and Co2 moves to the ( )

tissues; capillaries

At pulmonary capillaries oxgen moves to the ( ) and CO2 moves to the ( )

capillaries; alveoli

Where is oxygen mainly transported?

bound to hemoglobin

hemoglobin has ( ) heme groups that can bind ( ) molecules of oxygen

4

What is the balanced reaction of hemoglobin and oxygen?

Hb + O2 --→ Hb-O2

What is the reverse reaction of O2 and Hb called?

dissociation

If there is a high PO2 at the lungs then hemoglobin is called?

oxyhemoglobin

If there is a low PO2 at the tissues than hemoglobin is called?

deoxyhemoglobin

In systemic arterial blood, ( ) % of available binding sites are bound to O2

98

In systemic venous blood, ( ) % of available binding sites are bound to O2

75

What is it called when O2 binding causes easier O2 binding

positive cooperativity

Why does the oxygen dissociation curve plateu?

there are no more available binding sites

Where do you see Hb binding a large amount of O2

pulmonary capillaries, systemic arterial blood

Where do you see Hb binding a small amount of O2

tissue capillaries, deoxgenated systemic blood

A leftward shift means that it takes ( ) oxygen to bind 50 % of Hb

less

A rightward shift means that it takes ( ) oxygen to bind 50 % of Hb

more

A leftward shift indicates a ( ) affinity for HbxO2

increased

A righward shift indicates a ( ) affintiy for HbxO2

decreased

A leftward shift happens with ( ) pH, ( ) temp, and ( ) CO2

high; decreased; low

Where do you see a leftward shift

lungs

Where do you see a rightward shift

tissues

A rightward shift happens with ( ) pH, ( ) temp, and ( ) Co2

low; high; high

what are the three ways Co2 is transported?

\-dissolved in plasma

\-bound to hemoglobin

\-as bicarbonate

What is the main way CO2 is transported?

as HCO3-

What is the balanced equation for CO2 transport?

H2O + Co2-→ H2Co3--→ H+ + HCO3-

What enzyme catalyzes water and Co2 into carbonic acid?

carbonic anhydrase

For tissues to continue making HCO3-, a ( ) must happen

chloride shift