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What are the 8 major functions of the respiratory system
-gas exchange
-acid-base regulation
-immune protection
-smell
-speech
-thermoregulation
-warm/humify air inhaled
-CV regulation
How does the RS help with immune protection
mucus membranes line the airways that trap and excell microbes
How does the RS help with cardiac regulation
-increasing breathing increases venous return
-protein activation for BP (ACE)
What is the process of supplying the body with O2 and removing CO2 from the body called?
respiration
Pulmonary Ventilation is the process of
breathing
external respiration is gas exhange at the ______
lungs
Internal respiration is gas exchange at the _____
tissues
What is gas exchnage at tissues also called
cellular respiration
What structures are part of the upper respiratory tract?
nose, mouth, pharynx
What structures make up the lower respiratory tract?
larynx, trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolar sac
What are the structual classifications of the RS
upper and lower respiratory tracts
What are the functional classifications of the RS
conducting and respiratory zones
The conducting zone has __ epithelium__,__ _______ cells, and cilia
thicker; goblet
The respiratory zone has ___ epithelium__,__ __ and ____ cells, and macrophages
thinner; type I and II alveolar cells
As you move inferiorly through the respiratory track cartilage becomes __ and smooth muscle becomes ______
less; more
Which areas of the RS contain non-keritanized stratified squamous epithelium
nose, mouth, pharynx, and larynx
Which areas of the RS contain ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, R. and L. bronchi, secondary bronchi, and tertiary bronchi
Which areas of the RS contain ciliated simple columnar epithelium
bronchioles up to terminal bronchioles
Which areas of the RS contain non ciliated simple columnar epithelium
terminal bronchioles
What areas of the RS contain simple cubiodal cells
respiratory bronchioles
What areas of the RS contain simple squamous cells
respiratory bronchioles and alveolus
What are the cells of the respiratory zone?
type 1 alvelor, (respiratory membrane) type II alvelor, macrophages
What tissue are type I alv cells
simple squamous
what do type I alv cells do
gas exchange
What is the respiratory membrane made of?
alveolar epitheliuem fused with capillary endothelium
Type II cells produce ( ) to maintain ( )
surfactant; patency
What bony structures form the boundaries of the thorax?
clavicle, sternum, vertebrae
The serous membrane constists of the ( ) and the ( )
parietal pleura; visceral pleura
What value indicates restful breathing
tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume is the max ( ) after normal ( )
inhale
Expiratory reserve volume is the ( ) exhale after ( ) exhale
max; normal
what is the amount remaining in the lungs after max exhale called?
residual volume
Inspiratory capacity is the max ( ) after normal ( )
inhale; exhale
what is the amount in the lungs after a mornal exhale called?
functional residual capacity
Vital capacity is the ( ) to the ( )
max inhale; max exhale
What is the sum of all volume called?
total lung capacity
Minute ventilation is the amount of
airflow in 1 minute
What is the equation for minute volume?
tidal volume x breathing frequency
Alveolar ventilation is the amount of ( ) reaching the ( ) per minute
fresh air; alevoli
What is the equation for alveolar volume?
minute ventilation- (dead space volume x breathing frequency)
What is the amount of air in the conducting zone called?
dead space volume
what is pressure typically at sea level
760 mmHg
What is pressure typically in the lungs
760 mmHg
What is intrapleural pressure?
the pressure between the parietal and visceral pleura
What is the equation for airflow?
(Patm-Palv)/ Resistance
Why do you want a negetive Pip value?
for the lungs to move with the thoracic cavity
What are the primary restful breathing muscles?
diapragm and external intercostals
What nerves are signaled to start inspiration
phrenic and intercostal nerves
After nerves are stimulated, ( ) of inspiratory muscles ( ) size of the thoracic cavity
contraction; increases
As lungs expand alvelor pressure ( ) and alveolar volume ( )
decreases, increases
During inspiration Patm is ( ) than P alv
greater
The first step of expiration is
a withdrawal of neural input to inspiratory muscles
in expiration ( ) of inspiratory muscles ( ) thoracic cavity size
relaxation; decreases
When the lungs recoil alveolar volume ( ) and alveolar pressure ( )
decreases; increases
In expiration Patm is ( ) than Palv
less than
What are the 3 factors affecting ventilation?
alveolar surface tension, lung compliance, and airway resistance
If you increase alveolar surface tension work of breathing will
increase
what is alveolar surface tension decreased by
surfactant
Higher lung compliance ( ) work of breathing
decreases
lower lung compliance ( ) work of breathing
increases
Airway resistance is changed by what
diameter of airway via smooth muscles of bronchioles
bronchodialation ( ) resistance and ( ) airflow
reduces; increases
bronchoconstriction ( ) resistance and ( ) airflow
increases; decreases
What are the 4 things bronchodialation is caused by
-increased epinephrine
-nitric oxide
-high CO2
-heat
What is a medication that stimulares bronchodialation
albuterol
Bronchoconstriction is caused by increase in ( ) NS activity, histamine, ( ) CO2 and ( ) temps
parasympathetic; low; colder
What is the proportion of pressure that an individual gas adds to the total pressure of a gas mixture called
partial pressure
What determines the movement of CO2 and O2
partial pressure
What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the atmosphere?
O= 160, Co2= 0.3
What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli
O= 105, Co2= 40
What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in deoxygenated blood?
O= 40 , CO2= 45
What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in oxygenated blood?
O=100, Co2= 40
What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the tissues?
O= 40, Co2= 45
At the systemic capillaries oxygen moves to ( ) and Co2 moves to the ( )
tissues; capillaries
At pulmonary capillaries oxgen moves to the ( ) and CO2 moves to the ( )
capillaries; alveoli
Where is oxygen mainly transported?
bound to hemoglobin
hemoglobin has ( ) heme groups that can bind ( ) molecules of oxygen
4
What is the balanced reaction of hemoglobin and oxygen?
Hb + O2 --→ Hb-O2
What is the reverse reaction of O2 and Hb called?
dissociation
If there is a high PO2 at the lungs then hemoglobin is called?
oxyhemoglobin
If there is a low PO2 at the tissues than hemoglobin is called?
deoxyhemoglobin
In systemic arterial blood, ( ) % of available binding sites are bound to O2
98
In systemic venous blood, ( ) % of available binding sites are bound to O2
75
What is it called when O2 binding causes easier O2 binding
positive cooperativity
Why does the oxygen dissociation curve plateu?
there are no more available binding sites
Where do you see Hb binding a large amount of O2
pulmonary capillaries, systemic arterial blood
Where do you see Hb binding a small amount of O2
tissue capillaries, deoxgenated systemic blood
A leftward shift means that it takes ( ) oxygen to bind 50 % of Hb
less
A rightward shift means that it takes ( ) oxygen to bind 50 % of Hb
more
A leftward shift indicates a ( ) affinity for HbxO2
increased
A righward shift indicates a ( ) affintiy for HbxO2
decreased
A leftward shift happens with ( ) pH, ( ) temp, and ( ) CO2
high; decreased; low
Where do you see a leftward shift
lungs
Where do you see a rightward shift
tissues
A rightward shift happens with ( ) pH, ( ) temp, and ( ) Co2
low; high; high
what are the three ways Co2 is transported?
-dissolved in plasma
-bound to hemoglobin
-as bicarbonate
What is the main way CO2 is transported?
as HCO3-
What is the balanced equation for CO2 transport?
H2O + Co2-→ H2Co3--→ H+ + HCO3-
What enzyme catalyzes water and Co2 into carbonic acid?
carbonic anhydrase
For tissues to continue making HCO3-, a ( ) must happen
chloride shift
Note 
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