Drug use and abuse exam 2

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Spine and brain

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Everything but brain and spine

Neurons

Building blocks of nervous system

Dendrite

Part of neuron that receives information

Cell body

Part of neuron that contains DNA and produces energy and protein

Axon

Part of neuron that transmits information to other cells

Synapse

Where signal transmission between neurons takes place

Pre-synaptic terminal

axon

Post-synaptic terminal

dendrite

Synaptic cleft

gap between pre & post synaptic terminals

Dopamine reward pathway

Activated by addictive drugs

CNS Depressants

induce sedation, hypnosis, & anxiolysis

GABA receptor agonist

stops post-synaptic action potentials

CNSDs

High likelihood for dependence and overdose

Stimulants

increase physiological & nervous system activity, increase neurotransmitter signaling

Amphetamines

addictive drugs mimicking effects of norepinephrine on body, reverse transporter activity, increased release of DA & NE in synaptic cleft

ADHD

comes from reduced monoamine signaling, treated with stimulants

Amphetamine (Dexedrine, Adderall)

Treats ADHD

Methylphenidate (Ritalin)

Treats ADHD

Methamphetamine (Desoxyn)

Treats ADHD

Somatic

Voluntary movement

Autonomic

involuntary movement

Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)

Meth precursor, over the counter nasal decongestant

MDMA

Addictive synthetic drug altering mood & perception, chemically similar to stimulants & hallucinogens

Hallucinogens

Increase SER signaling

NE Pathway

alertness, energy, concentration

SER Pathway

hallucinations

DA Pathway

addictiveness

Sympathetic side effects

associated with cocaine, MDMA, & amphetamines because they all increase NE signaling

Ecstacy

schedule I drug

Ritalin

Schedule II drug

Adderall

Schedule II drug

Cocaine

addictive natural drug that alters mood & perception, particularly antagonizes DA transporters

Adenosine

reduces behavioral responses to DA, inhibited by caffeine

Monoamine neurotransmitter

alterations in signaling cause several brain disorders

Major depression

chronic feelings of sadness & loss of interest

bipolar disorder

chronic disorder, extreme mood swings (depression & mania)

Mania

enthusiasm, elations, self-confidence

Monoamine hypothesis

deficiency in monoamines causes depression

Antidepressants

TCAs, SSRIs, SNRIs

TCAs

tricyclic antidepressants, inhibit NET & SERT signaling, dirty drugs

SSRIs

selective serotonin reputake inhibitors, highly prescribed

SNRIs

Serotonin-norepinephrine inhibitors, inhibits SERT, highly prescribed

Amitriptyline (Elavil)

TCA, treats depression

Fluoxetine (Prozac)

SSRI, treats depression

Sertraline (Zoloft)

SSRI, treats depression

Duloxetine (Cymbalta)

SNRI, treats depression

Lithium salts

treat bipolar, low therapeutic index

positive schizophrenia symptoms

hallucinations & delusions, these symptoms are treated by anti-psychotics

negative schizophrenia symptoms

social withdrawal, reduced speech & thought, these symptoms are not treated by anti-psychotics

Chlorpromazine (Largactil)

Increases DA, treats schizophrenia, typical antipsychotic

Haloperidol (Haldol)

increases DA, treats schizophrenia, typical antipsychotic

Clozapine (Clozaril)

increases SER, treats schizophrenia, atypical psychotic

inhalants

chemical vapors inhaled for the purpose of getting high, highly toxic and deadly

Nitrous oxide, toluene, amyl nitrite

inhalants found in household items

Nicotine

acts as a nicotine receptor agoinst, addictive, tolerance & withdrawal will occur

Propranolol (B-Blocker)

treatment for withdrawal, lowers heart rate & blood pressure

Polacrilex (Nicorette)

Nicotine gum

Varenicline (Chantix)

nicotine receptor partial agonist

Hallucinogens

drugs that alter a persons awareness of their surroundings, thoughts, and feelings

LSD

synthetic hallucinogen, low effective dose

Psilocybin

in magic mushrooms, high effective dose

Cross toleranace

resistance to drugs effects due to prior exposure to pharmacologically similar drugs

Hallucinations

hallucinogens activate serotonin receptors

Marijuana

Schedule I drug

Ascending pain pathways

neurons carry signals to brain for processing - pain detection

Descending pain pathways

brain activates to suppress a pain signal - pain suppression

Analgesics

any substance that reduces pain - opioids, NSAIDs, topical agents, corticosteroids

Opioids

treat moderate-severe pain, inhibit ascending & activate descending pathways, remove breaks on DA pathway

Heroin

schedule I opioid

Codeine

Therapeutic opioid

Morphine

Therapeutic opioid

Fentanyl

Therapeutic opioid, 10x more potent than morphine

Oxycodone (Oxycotin)

Therapeutic opioid

Methadone

treats opioid withdrawal

NSAIDs

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, non addictive drugs used to treat mild-moderate pain, fever, inflammation, and prevent blood clots

Inflammation

major source of pain caused by physical injury, infection, and autoimmune disease

Prostaglandins

sensitize pain neurons, cause inflammation, increase body temp, protect stomach lining, support kidney function

Cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 & 2 enzymes

make prostaglandins from arachidonic acid, inhibited by NSAIDs

Asprin, Ibuprofen, Naproxen

general COX inhibitors

Celecoxib

Selective COX 2 inhibitor

Acetaminophen (Tylenol)

analgesic with antipyretic activity

Topical agents

confuse/desensitize pain neurons so they don’t send signals to the brain

Methyl salicylate (Bengay)

pain relief cream

Corticosteroids

anti-inflammatory steroids, inhibits synthesis of inflammatory molecules, hydrocortisone & prednisone

Testosterone andrgenic effects

masculinizing effects

Testosterone anabolic effect

muscle building effects

Jaundice

yellowing of skin & eyes caused by impaired liver function from steroids

Dehydroepinadosterone (DHEA)

Anti-aging dietary supplement (steroid)

Androstenedione

steroid hormone

Human growth hormone (hGH)

protein produced by pituitary gland enhancing growth independent of exercise

Creatine

amino acid derivative converted into creatine phosphate, a molecule for energy storage in muscle

L-Arginine

Amino acid that increases blood flow to muscles by widening blood vessels

Erythropoietin (EPO)

hormone secreted by kidney, increasing red blood cell proliferation in response to low tissue oxygen levels

Diazepam (Valium)

benzodiazepine, treats anxiety

Alprazolam (Xanax)

Benzodiazepine, treats anxiety

Phenobarbital (Luminal)

barbiturate, treats seizures

Zolpidem (Ambien)

Benzo-like, insomnia

Eszopicline (Lunesta)

benzo-like, insomnia

Acamprostate (Campral)

Treats alcohol use disorder, targets GABA & glutamate