Unit 6 - Market Failure and the Role of Government Guide

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55 Terms

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Negative externality
when someone uses a product, it decreases the benefit of others
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Positive externality
when one uses a product, others benefit
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Lorenz curve
measures the distribution of income equality (you want to be as close of possible to the perfect equality line as possible)
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Regressive
taxes are lower % on people earning a higher income (increases income inequality)
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Progressive
axes are higher % on people earning a higher income (reduces income inequality)
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Public goods
underproduced due to freeloader problem.
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Social efficiency
is when resources are allocated effectively.
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Non price regulation
works like taxes, they ensure competition /environmental protection /health and safety.
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Lump sum subsidy
gives benefit no matter how many units.
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Freeloader problem
people can enjoy the benefit of a good /service without paying.
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Proportional
everyone pays the same percentage of their income (no impact on income distribution)
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Rivalrous good
if someone consumers a product, others can not.
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Per unit subsidy
gives benefits per unit.
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Monopolistic competition
becomes MR curve, price and output decreases.
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Excludable good
non payers can be prevented from enjoying the benefits.
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Antitrust policy
promote competition and prevents monopolies.
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Income distribution
measures % of income that goes to individuals in different percentiles /brackets.
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Perfectly competitive market
 S=D, MB=MC
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Perfectly competitive firm
 P=MC
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Market failure
exists when firms produce at MPC=MPC, S=D
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Externality
when external cost/benefit is placed on members of society who did not pay for them
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Negative externality
when someone uses a product, it decreases the benefit of others (ex
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Positive externality
when one uses a product, others benefit  (ex
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Rivalrous good
if someone consumers a product, others cannot
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Rivalrous
food, shoes, etc
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Nonrivalrous
national defense, fireworks, etc
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Excludable good
non payers can be prevented from enjoying the benefits
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Excludable
food, school, etc
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Nonexcludable
national defense, air, etc
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Public goods
underproduced due to freeloader problem
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Freeloader problem
people can enjoy the benefit of a good/service without paying
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Private goods
goods produced by private markets, can be excludable
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Per unit subsidy
 gives benefits per unit
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Perfect competition
MC, ATC, AVC decreases, price doesnt change (price taker)
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Monopolistic competition
MC, ATC, price decreases (price maker @ MR=MC)
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Lump sum subsidy
gives benefit no matter how many units
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Per unit tax
 increase MC, ATC, and AVC
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Perfect competition
MC, ATC, AVC increases, price doesnt change (price taker)
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Monopolistic competition
MC, ATC, price increases (price maker @ MR=MC)
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Lump sum tax
only increase ATC
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Non price regulation
works like taxes, they ensure competition/environmental protection/health and safety
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Antitrust policy
promote competition and prevents monopolies
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Price ceiling
 sets minimum price
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Perfect competition
causes shortage
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Monopolistic competition
 becomes MR curve, price and output decreases
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Price floor
 sets maximum price
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Perfect competition
leads to surplus
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Monopsony
wages go up and workers go up
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Income distribution
 measures % of income that goes to individuals in different percentiles/brackets
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In a system with perfectly equality
 everyone would receive equal shares of income
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Income
wages, rent, interest, profit
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Lorenz curve
measures the distribution of income equality  (you want to be as close of possible to the perfect equality line as possible)
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Proportional
 everyone pays the same percentage of their income (no impact on income distribution)
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Progressive
 taxes are higher % on people earning a higher income (reduces income inequality)
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Regressive
 taxes are lower % on people earning a higher income (increases income inequality)