5.0(1)
Explore Top Notes
Grammar
noteNote
studied byStudied by 2 people
5.0(1)
Mississippi Scheme and Black Friday Gold Scandal
noteNote
studied byStudied by 3 people
5.0(1)
Muscular System
noteNote
studied byStudied by 41 people
4.0(1)
Chapter 6: The Human Population and Its Impact
noteNote
studied byStudied by 63 people
5.0(1)
Pseudotumor Cerebri
noteNote
studied byStudied by 7 people
5.0(1)
Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
noteNote
studied byStudied by 11 people
4.5(2)

Chapter 19: Elements and Their Properties

Section 1: Metals

  • Properties of Metals

    • In the periodic table, metals are elements found to the left of the stair-step line.

    • Metals: usually have common properties—they are good conductors of heat and electricity, and all but one are solid at room temperature.

      • Mercury is the only metal that is not a solid at room temperature.

    • Metals also reflect light. This is a property called luster.

    • Malleable: can be hammered or rolled into sheets

    • Ductile: can be drawn into wires

    • The atoms of metals generally have one to three electrons in their outer energy levels.

    • In chemical reactions, metals tend to give up electrons easily because of the strength of charge of the protons in the nucleus.

    • Both metals and nonmetals become more chemically stable when they form ions.

    • Metallic Bonding: positively charged metallic ions are surrounded by a cloud of electrons.

    • Outer-level electrons are not held tightly to the nucleus of an atom.

    • The idea of metallic bonding explains many of the properties of metals.

    • Metals are also good conductors of electricity because the outer-level electrons are weakly held.

  • The Alkali Metals

    • The elements in Group 1 of the periodic table are the alkali metals.

    • Like other metals, Group 1 metals are shiny, malleable, and ductile. They are also good conductors of heat and electricity.

    • Each atom of an alkali metal has one electron in its outer energy level.

    • Alkali metals and their compounds have many uses.

    • Radioactive Element: one in which the nucleus breaks down and gives off particles and energy.

  • The Alkaline Earth Metals

    • The alkaline earth metals make up Group 2 of the periodic table.

    • Like most metals, these metals are shiny, malleable, and ductile. They are also similar to alkali metals in that they combine so readily with other elements that they are not found as free elements in nature.

    • Magnesium metal is one of the metals used to produce the brilliant white color in fireworks.

    • Most life on Earth depends upon chlorophyll, a magnesium compound that enables plants to make food.

    • Calcium is seldom used as a free metal, but its compounds are needed for life.

    • Radium, the last element in Group 2, is radioactive and is found associated with uranium.

  • Transition Elements: elements in Groups 3 through 12 in the periodic table.

    • They are called transition elements because they are considered to be elements in transition between Groups 1 and 2 and Groups 13 through 18.

    • Transition elements often form colored compounds.

    • The first elements in Groups 8, 9, and 10—iron, cobalt, and nickel—form a unique cluster of transition elements.

    • Iron—the main component of steel—is the most widely used of all metals.

    • Most coins now are made of nickel and copper.

    • Copper often is used in electrical wiring because of its superior ability to conduct electricity and its relatively low cost.

    • Zinc, cadmium, and mercury are found in Group 12 of the periodic table.

      • Zinc and cadmium often are used to coat, or plate, other metals such as iron because of this protective quality.

    • Mercury is a silvery, liquid metal—the only metal that is a liquid at room temperature.

    • Mercury is poisonous and can accumulate in the body.

  • The Inner Transition Metals

    • The two rows of elements that seem to be disconnected from the rest on the periodic table are called the inner transition elements.

    • Lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and samarium are used with carbon to make a compound that is used extensively by the motion picture industry.

    • The first row includes a series of elements with atomic numbers of 58 to 71.

    • The second row of inner transition metals includes elements with atomic numbers ranging from 90 to 103.

    • These elements are called the actinide series because they follow the element actinium.

    • Thorium and uranium are the actinides found in the Earth’s crust in usable quantities.

    • Uranium is best known for its use in nuclear reactors and in weapons applications, but one of its compounds has been used as photographic toner, as well.

  • Metals in the Crust

    • Earth’s hardened outer layer, called the crust, contains many compounds and a few uncombined metals such as gold and copper.

    • Chromium is important because it is used to harden steel, to manufacture stainless steel, and to form other alloys.

    • Metals in Earth’s crust that combined with other elements are found as ores.

      • Most ores consist of a metal compound, or mineral, within a mixture of clay or rock.

    • If the cost of removing the waste rock becomes greater than the value of the desired material, the mineral no longer is classified as an ore.

Section 2: Nonmetals

  • Properties of Nonmetals

    • Most of your body’s mass is made of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

    • Nonmetals: elements that usually are gases or brittle solids at room temperature.

    • Because solid nonmetals are brittle or powdery, they are not malleable or ductile.

    • Most nonmetals do not conduct heat or electricity well, and generally they are not shiny.

    • In the periodic table, all nonmetals except hydrogen are found at the right of the stair-step line.

    • As a group, nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electricity.

    • When nonmetals gain electrons from metals, the nonmetals become negative ions in ionic compounds.

    • When bonded with other nonmetals, atoms of nonmetals usually share electrons to form covalent compounds.

  • Hydrogen

    • Most hydrogen on Earth is found in the compound water.

    • When water is broken down into its elements, hydrogen becomes a gas made up of diatomic molecules.

    • Diatomic Molecule: consists of two atoms of the same element in a covalent bond.

    • Hydrogen is highly reactive.

    • Hydrogen can gain an electron when it combines with alkali and alkaline earth metals.

  • The Halogens

    • Halogen lights contain small amounts of bromine or iodine.

      • These elements, as well as fluorine, chlorine, and astatine, are called halogens and are in Group 17.

    • Salt: an ionic compound.

    • In the gaseous state, the halogens form reactive diatomic covalent molecules and can be identified by their distinctive colors.

    • Fluorine is the most chemically active of all elements.

    • Chlorine compounds are used to disinfect water.

    • Bromine, the only nonmetal that is a liquid at room temperature, also is extracted from compounds in seawater.

    • Iodine, a shiny purple-gray solid at room temperature, is obtained from seawater. When heated, iodine changes directly to a purple vapor.

    • Sublimation: The process of a solid changing directly to a vapor without forming a liquid

    • Astatine is the last member of Group 17. It is radioactive and rare, but has many properties similar to those of the other halogens.

  • The Noble Gases

    • The noble gases exist as isolated atoms.

    • No naturally occurring noble gas compounds are known, but several compounds of xenon and krypton with fluorine have been created in a laboratory.

    • The stability of noble gases is what makes them useful.

Section 3: Mixed Groups

  • Properties of Metalloids

    • Metalloids share unusual characteristics.

    • Metalloids: an form ionic and covalent bonds with other elements and can have metallic and nonmetallic properties.

    • Some metalloids can conduct electricity better than most nonmetals, but not as well as some metals, giving them the name semiconductor.

    • The mixed groups—13, 14, 15, 16, and 17—contain metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.

  • The Boron Group

    • Boron, a metalloid, is the first element in Group 13.

    • Aluminum, a metal in Group 13, is the most

      abundant metal in Earth’s crust.

      • Aluminum is used frequently in the construction of air- planes because it is light and strong.

  • The Carbon Group

    • Each element in Group 14, the carbon family, has four electrons in its outer energy level, but this is where much of the similarity ends.

    • Carbon occurs as an element in coal and as a compound in oil, natural gas, and foods.

    • All organic compounds contain carbon, but not all carbon compounds are organic.

    • Silicon is second only to oxygen in abundance in Earth’s crust.

      • Silicon occurs as two allotropes.

    • Allotropes: different forms of the same element, have different molecular structures.

    • Semiconductors: elements that conduct an electric current under certain conditions.

    • Germanium, the other metalloid in the carbon group, is used along with silicon in making semiconductors.

    • Diamond, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene are allotropes of an element.

    • In a diamond, each carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon atoms at the vertices, or corner points, of a tetrahedron.

      • A diamond is clear and extremely hard.

    • Graphite is a black powder that consists of hexagonal layers of carbon atoms.

      • The fourth electron of each atom is bonded weakly to the layer next to it.

  • The Nitrogen Group

    • The nitrogen family makes up Group 15.

    • Nitrogen is the fourth most abundant element in your body.

    • Phosphorus is a nonmetal that has three allotropes.

    • Antimony is a metalloid, and bismuth is a metal.

  • The Oxygen Group

    • Group 16 on the periodic table is the oxygen group.

    • Oxygen, a nonmetal, exists in the air as diatomic molecules, O2.

    • Nearly all living things on Earth need O2 for respiration.

    • Sulfur is a nonmetal that exists in several allotropic forms.

    • Sulfur combines with metals to form sulfides of such distinctive colors that they are used as pigments in paints.

    • The nonmetal selenium and two metalloids—tellurium and polonium—are the other Group 16 elements.

  • Synthetic Elements

    • By smashing existing elements with particles accelerated in a heavy ion accelerator, scientists have been successful in creating elements not typically found on Earth.

    • Bombarding uranium with neutrons can make neptunium, element 93.

    • Transuranium Elements: Elements having more than 92 protons, the atomic number of uranium

      • All of the transuranium elements are synthetic and unstable, and many of them disintegrate quickly.

    • Radioactive elements can be useful.

5.0(1)
Explore Top Notes
Grammar
noteNote
studied byStudied by 2 people
5.0(1)
Mississippi Scheme and Black Friday Gold Scandal
noteNote
studied byStudied by 3 people
5.0(1)
Muscular System
noteNote
studied byStudied by 41 people
4.0(1)
Chapter 6: The Human Population and Its Impact
noteNote
studied byStudied by 63 people
5.0(1)
Pseudotumor Cerebri
noteNote
studied byStudied by 7 people
5.0(1)
Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
noteNote
studied byStudied by 11 people
4.5(2)
robot