Sociological Research Methods Study Guide

Quantitative Research

Approach focusing on converting social aspects into numerical data for mathematical analysis, often to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

Qualitative Research

Approach examining non-numerical data to understand how people interpret their experiences and surroundings.

The Scientific Method

Structured approach in sociology for gathering and analyzing data systematically to ensure objectivity and accuracy.

Literature Review

Thorough evaluation of existing studies related to the research topic to identify gaps and refine the research question.

Hypothesis

Testable statement proposing a relationship between variables based on the literature review and initial understanding.

Variables

Core elements studied in research, chosen for relevance to the research question and systematic measurability.

Operational Definition

Clear and precise definitions of variables in a study to ensure consistency and measurability.

Correlation vs. Causation

Distinguishing between a relationship between variables and a causal connection, highlighting the need for caution in interpretation.

Intervening Variable

Third variable clarifying the relationship between two other variables, influencing research findings.

Spurious Correlation

Misleading appearance of a causal relationship between variables due to an unacknowledged intervening variable.

Deductive Approach

Research approach starting with a theory, formulating a hypothesis, and then testing it with data in quantitative research.

Inductive Approach

Research approach starting with data collection, observing patterns, and developing a theory to explain the observations.

Choosing a Research Method

Critical evaluation of data collection methods to select the most appropriate approach for addressing the research question.

Ethnography

Qualitative research method involving immersion in a social setting to understand behaviors, beliefs, and practices.

Participant Observation

Researcher actively engages in the social setting being studied, participating in activities and building relationships.

Rapport

Establishing a positive relationship of trust and respect between researcher and subjects, crucial for successful participant observation.

Field Notes

Detailed records of observations, conversations, and interactions during fieldwork, serving as primary data for analysis.

Grounded Theory

Analytical approach used in qualitative research, particularly in ethnography, to develop theories based on observed data.

Advantages of Ethnography

Provides detailed insights, challenges stereotypes, informs social policy.

Disadvantages of Ethnography

Limitations in generalizability, challenges in replication.

Representativeness

The extent to which a study group reflects the broader society.

Validity

The accuracy of research findings in measuring intended aspects.

Interviews

Qualitative method for gathering detailed information from individuals.

Respondent

A participant in a research study.

Target Population

The specific group studied to draw research conclusions.

Sample

A subset of the target population chosen for a research study.

Sample Size

The number of participants in a research study, dependent on various factors.

Focus Group

A method gathering individuals for interactive discussions on a topic.

Informed Consent

Ethical principle ensuring participants understand study details and rights.

Survey

Quantitative method using questionnaires to collect data from a sample.

Likert Scale

Format in survey questionnaires gauging agreement levels on a continuum.

Sampling Techniques

Methods selecting a representative sample from a population.

Probability Sampling

Sampling using randomization to accurately represent a population.

Simple Random Sample

Basic probability sampling where every individual has an equal chance of selection.

Existing Sources

Research method analyzing pre-existing information.

Unobtrusive Measures

Research techniques using minimal intrusion into subjects' lives.

Comparative Historical Research

Analyzing existing sources to study societal relationships across regions and time.

Content Analysis

Systematic examination of texts, images, or media to identify specific variables or themes.

Experiments

Controlled research methods assessing causal impacts of variables.

Experimental Group

Receives experimental treatment in a study for outcome comparison.

Control Group

Does not receive experimental treatment, used as a comparison baseline.

Independent Variable

Manipulated element in research to observe effects.

Dependent Variable

Expected to change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

Social Network Analysis (SNA)

Research method analyzing relationships between entities for understanding patterns.

Nonacademic Uses of Research Methods

Applying sociology research methods outside academic settings for practical problem-solving.

Basic Research

Expanding knowledge without a specific agenda, focusing on fundamental understanding.

Applied Research

Addressing real-world issues and finding practical solutions.

Research Ethics

Moral principles guiding ethical research practices for participant well-being and respect.

Deception

Withholding information about a research project's true nature from participants.

Confidentiality

Ensuring privacy of information shared by participants during a research study.

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Committee evaluating ethical implications of research proposals to protect human subjects.