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Quantitative Research
Approach focusing on converting social aspects into numerical data for mathematical analysis, often to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
Qualitative Research
Approach examining non-numerical data to understand how people interpret their experiences and surroundings.
The Scientific Method
Structured approach in sociology for gathering and analyzing data systematically to ensure objectivity and accuracy.
Literature Review
Thorough evaluation of existing studies related to the research topic to identify gaps and refine the research question.
Hypothesis
Testable statement proposing a relationship between variables based on the literature review and initial understanding.
Variables
Core elements studied in research, chosen for relevance to the research question and systematic measurability.
Operational Definition
Clear and precise definitions of variables in a study to ensure consistency and measurability.
Correlation vs. Causation
Distinguishing between a relationship between variables and a causal connection, highlighting the need for caution in interpretation.
Intervening Variable
Third variable clarifying the relationship between two other variables, influencing research findings.
Spurious Correlation
Misleading appearance of a causal relationship between variables due to an unacknowledged intervening variable.
Deductive Approach
Research approach starting with a theory, formulating a hypothesis, and then testing it with data in quantitative research.
Inductive Approach
Research approach starting with data collection, observing patterns, and developing a theory to explain the observations.
Choosing a Research Method
Critical evaluation of data collection methods to select the most appropriate approach for addressing the research question.
Ethnography
Qualitative research method involving immersion in a social setting to understand behaviors, beliefs, and practices.
Participant Observation
Researcher actively engages in the social setting being studied, participating in activities and building relationships.
Rapport
Establishing a positive relationship of trust and respect between researcher and subjects, crucial for successful participant observation.
Field Notes
Detailed records of observations, conversations, and interactions during fieldwork, serving as primary data for analysis.
Grounded Theory
Analytical approach used in qualitative research, particularly in ethnography, to develop theories based on observed data.
Advantages of Ethnography
Provides detailed insights, challenges stereotypes, informs social policy.
Disadvantages of Ethnography
Limitations in generalizability, challenges in replication.
Representativeness
The extent to which a study group reflects the broader society.
Validity
The accuracy of research findings in measuring intended aspects.
Interviews
Qualitative method for gathering detailed information from individuals.
Respondent
A participant in a research study.
Target Population
The specific group studied to draw research conclusions.
Sample
A subset of the target population chosen for a research study.
Sample Size
The number of participants in a research study, dependent on various factors.
Focus Group
A method gathering individuals for interactive discussions on a topic.
Informed Consent
Ethical principle ensuring participants understand study details and rights.
Survey
Quantitative method using questionnaires to collect data from a sample.
Likert Scale
Format in survey questionnaires gauging agreement levels on a continuum.
Sampling Techniques
Methods selecting a representative sample from a population.
Probability Sampling
Sampling using randomization to accurately represent a population.
Simple Random Sample
Basic probability sampling where every individual has an equal chance of selection.
Existing Sources
Research method analyzing pre-existing information.
Unobtrusive Measures
Research techniques using minimal intrusion into subjects' lives.
Comparative Historical Research
Analyzing existing sources to study societal relationships across regions and time.
Content Analysis
Systematic examination of texts, images, or media to identify specific variables or themes.
Experiments
Controlled research methods assessing causal impacts of variables.
Experimental Group
Receives experimental treatment in a study for outcome comparison.
Control Group
Does not receive experimental treatment, used as a comparison baseline.
Independent Variable
Manipulated element in research to observe effects.
Dependent Variable
Expected to change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
Social Network Analysis (SNA)
Research method analyzing relationships between entities for understanding patterns.
Nonacademic Uses of Research Methods
Applying sociology research methods outside academic settings for practical problem-solving.
Basic Research
Expanding knowledge without a specific agenda, focusing on fundamental understanding.
Applied Research
Addressing real-world issues and finding practical solutions.
Research Ethics
Moral principles guiding ethical research practices for participant well-being and respect.
Deception
Withholding information about a research project's true nature from participants.
Confidentiality
Ensuring privacy of information shared by participants during a research study.
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Committee evaluating ethical implications of research proposals to protect human subjects.
