Studied by 21 people
Empiricism
the view that knowledge originates in experience and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge
Structuralism
an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind
Functionalism
early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
Wilhelm Wundt
german physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879
G. Stanley Hall
american psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in the United States
Edward Bradford Titchener
used introspection to search for the mind's structural elements
William James
founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment
Charles Darwin
English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)
Mary Whiton Calkins
first female president of the APA (1905); a student of William James; denied the PhD she earned from Harvard because of her sex (later, posthumously, it was granted to her)
Margaret Floy Washburn
First female to be awarded a PhD in psychology; 2nd president of the APA (1921)
John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner
dismissed introspection and redefined psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior"
Behaviorism
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
Sigmund Freud
Austrian neurologist known for his work on the unconscious mind. Father of psychoanalysis.
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
humanistic psychologists who dismissed behaviorism and Freudian psychology to focus on human growth.
cognitive neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
cognition
how our mind processes and retains information
behavior
anything an organism does that can be observed and recorded
mental processes
internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior
Ivan Pavlov
Russian psychologist who discovered classical conditioning
Jean Piaget
Known for his theory of cognitive development in children
nature-nurture issue
the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture (Nurture works on what nature provides)
natural selection
the principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will (in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
behavior genetics
the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
Culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
positive psychology
the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
experimental psychology
the scientific study of basic behavioral processes in humans and animals.
biopsychosocial approach
an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
behavioral psychology
the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning
biological psychology
the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes
Cognitive Psychology
the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning
evolutionary psychology
the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
humanistic psychology
historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential
psychodynamic psychology
a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders
social-cultural psychology
the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information
SQR3
a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review
psychometrics
the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
basic research
pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
developmental psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span
educational psychology
the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning
personality psychology
the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
applied research
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces
human factors psychology
a field of psychology allied with I/O psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use.
counseling psychology
a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being
clinical psychology
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
psychiatry
a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy
community psychology
a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups
Dorothea Dix
A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill
Epigenetics
the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
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