Memory and learning

Variable Interval Schedule

A reinforcement schedule that delivers a reinforcer for the first response after a random interval of time has passed.

Extinction Burst

The initial increase in responding after non-reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior.

Antecedents

The A in the ABC model, referring to stimuli that precede a behavior.

Decreases

The reinforcing strength decreases as the temporal contiguity of a behavior and its reinforcer decreases.

Secondary Reinforcer System

A token economy is a type of this system where tokens are earned as reinforcers and later exchanged for other stimuli.

S-Associations

Initially, it was assumed that only stimulus-stimulus associations existed.

Positive Reinforcement

When the presentation of a stimulus results in an increase in the frequency of a behavior.

S-O Association

It was thought to provide an emotional response that serves to drive/motivate behavior.

S-Cue

A stimulus or cue that indicates that a behavior will NOT be reinforced.

Pavlovian to Instrumental Transfer

When a conditioned stimulus is presented while an animal is operantly responding for the same stimulus, their rate of responding increases.

Become Habitual

Outcome devaluation procedures have no effect when given late in training because the behavior has already done this.

Concurrent Chain

A way to look at choice with commitment via using a choice link and a terminal link.

S-R Behavior

Known as habitual behavior.

Fixed Interval Schedule

A type of schedule characterized by a unique scalloping pattern.

Successive Approximations

Shaping a behavior by reinforcing progressively closer behaviors to the one being taught.

Multiple Schedules

A procedure using multiple different discriminative stimuli signaling that different schedules are in effect.

Variable Ratio Schedule

A schedule of reinforcement that typically results in a faster rate of responding without breaks.

Fixed Ratio Schedule

A reinforcement run is characteristic of this type of schedule.

Negatively Reinforced

Most escape/avoidance behavior is characterized as this.

Extinction

When a reinforcer no longer occurs following a behavior, initially increasing and then decreasing it.

Matching Law

States that the relative rate of a behavior matches its relative rate of reinforcement.

S+

A stimulus or cue that indicates a behavior will be reinforced.

Law of Effect

States that if an action is followed by a satisfying outcome, the behavior will be more likely to occur again.

Infancy

The age at which signs of imitation begin to show.

Attention, Retention, Motivation, Production

The four key elements theorized by Albert Bandura for social learning.

Edward Tolman

Considered himself a behaviorist and learned that rats used a cognitive map.

Behaviorism

A perspective in psychology focusing only on observable behavior.

Similarity to the Learner

A factor that increases the effectiveness of a model.

Observational Learning

Also known as vicarious learning.

Cognitive Map

Rats in Tolman's experiments demonstrated they learn this when allowed to explore.

Albert Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiments

Demonstrated that children will imitate the aggressive behavior of a model.

Mirror Neurons

Refer to activity patterns in the motor cortex matching when observing and performing a behavior.

Latent Learning

Learning without reinforcement; behavior changes occur only with an incentive.

Reproduction/Practice of Observed Behaviors

In a social learning context, production refers to this.

Priming

When the presentation of one stimulus changes the way someone responds to another.

Chunk

One way to functionally increase the capacity of short-term memory.

Chunking

The process of combining small units of information into larger units.

Episodic Memory

Memory for personal experiences.

Amnesia

Individual with this condition can have implicit but not explicit memory loss.

Long Term Memory

The system responsible for storing information for long periods.

Expertise in an Area

The results of De Groot's experiments showed this ability allows people to create chunks in that area.

Implicit/Non-declarative Memory

Memories that you're not aware of and can't communicate.

Primacy Effect

In a serial position curve, this occurs when words at the beginning of a list are recalled at a higher rate.

Long-term Memory

One of the structural features of the modal model of memory.

Memory

Processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present.

Alvarez & Cavanagh (2004) used a change detection task with lots of different types of stimuli and found that ___________. 

The number of items one could store depended on the complexity of the items

Memory is defined as 

Processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present.

The results of De Groot's 1965 and 1966 experiments with novices and chess masters observing chess pieces and then having to reproduce their positions let us know that _____________. 

People with expertise in an area can more readily create chunks in that area

__________________ is the combining of small units of information together into larger units. 

Chunking

____________ is a collection of elements that are strongly associated with one another and can be used to increase the capacity of short-term memory.

Chunk

The _____________ is when psychologist started to trace the sequences of mental operations. 

information Processing Approach

Rehearsal:

Processing is a stimulus in short term memory

Encoding:

Process of storing information in a stage of memory

Retrieval:

Pulling information back down out of long term memory

________________ are memories that you're not aware of and can't communiate. 

Implicit/non-declarative

______________ is memory for how to carry out highly practiced skills (like tracing a star). 

Procedural memory

__________ are associated with the structural features of the modal model of memory but are dynamic and vary from person to person and moment to moment. 

Control Processes

What did George Miller identify as the capacity of short-term memory using digit span tasks?

5-9 items

One way to functionally increase the capacity of short-term memory is to _________. 

Chunk

The duration of short-term memory is approximalty

30 seconds

In the partial report procedure, if the signal for which row you need to report is delayed, performance ___________-. 

Quickly decreases

In a serial position curve the recency effect is ___________.

Words at the end of the list are more likely to be recalled

_______________ is the stage of memory with the largest capacity and the longest duration of storage. 

Long term memory

___________ is the study of what mental processes are used to facilitate actions and achieve certain goals. 

Cognitive Psychology

___________ is when the presentation of one stimulus changes the way someone responds to another. 

Priming

____________ corresponds to ones current cognitive processing. 

Short term memory

In the partial report procedure, if the signal for which row you need to report is delayed, performance ___________-. 

Quickly decreases

_____________ is a procedure in which a grid of numbers is shown to participants for fractions of a second. Then participants have to report back the letters that they saw right away.  

Sperling's full report procedure

We know that explicit and implict long-term memory is separate because____________.

individual with amnesia have implicit but not explicit memory loss.

______________ is the continued processing of a visual stimulus even after it is no longer present

Persistence of vision

Using a change detection task, Luck & Vogel estimate that the capacity of short-term memory is actually 

4 items

Which of the following is part of Broadbent's diagram of the mind?

Detector