Memory and learning
What type of schedule delivers a reinforcer for the first response after a random interval of time has passed? Ans: Variable Interval
____________________ is the initial increase in responding after non-reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior. Ans: extinction burst
The A in ABC stands for _________________. Ans: Anteccedents
A the temporal contiguity of a behavior and its reinforcer decreases, the reinforcing strength________. Ans: decreases
A token economy is a type of _______________ in which tokens are presented as reinforcers and later turned in for a different type of stimulus. Ans: secondary reinforcer system
Initially, it was assumed that only __________ associations existed and the outcome only served to strengthen or weaken said association. Ans: S-__________________ is when the presentation of a stimulus results in an increase in the frequency of a behavior. Ans: Positive Reinforcement
A _____________ association was thought to provide an emotional response that served to drive/motivate behavior mediated by an S-R association. Ans: S-O
What type of schedule delivers a reinforcer for the first response after a random interval of time has passed? Ans: Variable Interval
_______________ is a stimulus/cue that indicates that a behavior will NOT be reinforced. Ans: S-
Why was it important that cats could not see the mechanism of the puzzle boxes? Ans: Because it meant only the outcome could affect future behavior
When a CS for a stimulus is presented when an animal is operantly responding for the same stimulus, their rate of responding increases. This is known as _____________. Ans: Pavlovian to instrumental transfer
Outcome devaluation procedures tend to have no effect when given late in training. This is because the behavior has already ________________. Ans: Become habitual
______________ is considered a way to look at choice with commitment via using a choice link and a terminal link? Ans: Concurrent chain
______________ behavior is also known as habitual behavior. Ans: S-R
What type of schedule is characterized by a unique scalloping pattern? Ans: Fixed Interval
________________________ is when you shape a behavior by reinforcing behavior that are similar to the behavior getting progressively closer and closer to the behavior you are trying to teach. Ans: Successive approximations
In a ___________ procedure multiple different discriminative stimuli are used to signal that different schedules are in effect for certain discrete periods of time. Ans: Multiple schedules
All other things being equal, what schedule of reinforcement typically results in the faster rate of responding without any distinct breaks or pauses? Ans: Variable Ratio
A reinforcement run is characteristic of which what type of schedule of reinforcement? Ans: Fixed Ratio
Most escape/avoidance behavior is ____________________. Ans: Negatively reinforced
What type of schedule delivers a reinforcer for the first response after a random interval of time has passed? Ans: Variable Interval
______________ is when a reinforcer no longer occurs after a behavior. Initially, the behavior increases and then it decreases and may even stop. Ans: Extinction
____________ states that the relative rate of a behavior matches its relative rate of reinforcement. Ans: Matching Law
___________ is a stimulus/cue that indicate that a behavior will be reinforced. Ans: S+
___________________ states that if an action is followed by a satisfying outcome, the behavior will be more likely to occur again. Ans: law of effect
How early do signs of imitation begin to show? Ans: Infancy
Albert Banadura theorized their are 4 key elements for social learning?
Ans: Attention, Retention, Motivation, production
Who considered himself a behaviorist and learned rats used a cognitive map?
Ans: Edward Tolman
_________ is a perspective on psychology where one can only make statements about observable behavior. Ans: Behaviorism
Which of the following increases the effectiveness of a model?
Ans: similarity to the learner
__________ is also known as vicarious learning Ans: Observational learning
In Tolman's simple maze experiment rats were reinforced for turning right. However, when they started in a different part of the maze they turned left right away. In his more complex experiment, rats were allowed to explore a complex maze freely. Then they were reinforced for going through the maze and their performance suddenly increased. Both of these results are taken as evidence that animal learn a:
Ans: Cognitive Map
Albert Banadura's Bobo doll experiments demonstrated that? Ans: Children will imitate the aggressive behavior of a model
________________ refers to activity patterns in motor cortex matching when watching another individual perform a behavior an when someone actually performs a behavior.
Ans: Mirror Neurons
____________ is learning without reinforcement and there isn't a change in behavior until there is an incentive. Ans: Latent Learning
In a social learning context, production refers to: Ans: Reproduction/practice of observed behaviors
___________ is when the presentation of one stimulus changes the way someone responds to another. Ans: Priming
One way to functionally increase the capacity of short-term memory is to _________. Ans: Chunk
__________________ is the combining of small units of information together into larger units. Ans: Chunking
______________ is memory for personal experiences. Ans: Episodic memory
We know that explicit and implict long-term memory is separate because____________. Ans: Individual with amnesia have implicit but not explicit memory loss.
______________ is the system responsible for storing information for long periods of time. Ans: long term memory
The results of De Groot's 1965 and 1966 experiments with novices and chess masters observing chess pieces and then having to reproduce their positions let us know that _____________. Ans: People with expertise in an area can more readily create chunks in that area
________________ are memories that you're not aware of and can't communiate. Ans: Implicit/non-declarative
In a serial position curve the primacy effect is _____________. Ans: When words at the beginning of the list are recalled at a higher rate
What is one of the structural features of the modal model of memory? Ans: Long-term Memory
Memory is defined as________. Ans: Processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present.