unit 7 country summary (made from summary slideshow)

Historical period marked by significant political and social changes across Europe.

Conservative vs. Liberal Ideology: Conflict between conservative and liberal ideas shaped the formation of new nations through revolts and wars.
Impact of the Industrial Revolution: Major social changes emerged as a result of industrialization, altering lifestyles and economies.

Reforms: Series of Reform Bills (1832, 1867, 1884) expanded suffrage, especially to men who paid taxes.
Political Climate: Rise of liberalism and gradual, albeit limited, social progress.

Political Shifts: Overthrow of Napoleon III after the Franco-Prussian War.
Republic Established: The Third Republic was formed, characterized by a two-house legislature.
Endurance: Despite many challenges, the republic lasted 65 years.

Constitutional Monarchy: Alfonso XII presided over a conservative rule.
Imperial Loss: The Spanish-American War resulted in loss of territories.
Political Climate: Growing attractiveness of socialism and anarchism amidst conservative dominance.

Unified Nation: Political stability intermixed with social changes in the wake of revolutions.

Nationalism Threats: The multi-ethnic empire struggled with internal nationalism, with the Habsburgs' conservative governance threatened.

Conservative Rule: Otto von Bismarck maneuvered conservatively; his policies limited Catholic influence.
Social Legislation: Introduced social security measures; marked increase in autocratic style with William II.

Regional Disparities: Continued division between the industrialized north and the agricultural south; dominated by conservative rule.

Ethnic Nationalism: National aspirations cultivated amidst Ottoman decline, leading toward modernization and revolt.

Serf Emancipation: Alexander II freed serfs, but subsequent conservative reactions under Alexander III suppressed further progress.
Russification Policies: Aimed at homogenizing the empire, often alienating minority groups.

Decline and Revolt: The empire faced numerous challenges, including nationalist movements and external pressures, leading to instability.

Declining Death Rates: Advances in medicine and sanitation improved public health.
Urbanization and Employment: Cities began to improve; there was a rise in jobs for women and labor unions.
Cultural Shifts: Emergence of mass society with shared education, leisure activities, and consumerism.

Scientific Advancements: Increased understanding of germs and sanitation; rise of social Darwinism.

Nationalist Sentiments: Intensified national feelings among European states, fostering rivalry and potential for conflict.
Reflections on Ideologies: Questioning the true extent and impact of the changes wrought by the Age of Ideologies.

This period witnessed significant political and social transformations in Europe.

Conservative vs. Liberal Ideology: Conflicts led to the emergence of new nations through revolts and wars.
Impact of the Industrial Revolution: Industrialization drove major social changes, reshaping lifestyles and economies.

Great Britain: Series of Reform Bills expanded suffrage; rise of liberalism.
France: Overthrow of Napoleon III, establishment of the Third Republic lasting 65 years.
Spain: Conservative monarchy under Alfonso XII, loss of territories post-Spanish-American War; growing socialist ideologies.
Kingdom of the Netherlands: Political stability amidst social changes.
Austria: Internal nationalism threatened the multi-ethnic empire dominated by the Habsburgs.
German States: Otto von Bismarck's conservative governance limited Catholic influence and introduced social security.
Italian States: Socio-economic divide between industrial north and agricultural south.
Balkan States: National aspirations emerged with Ottoman decline, leading to modernization.
Russia: Alexander II’s serf emancipation reversed by conservative suppression under Alexander III; Russification policies alienated minorities.
Ottoman Empire: Faced decline due to national movements and pressures.

Continued social transformation across nations; rising urbanization, declining death rates, and emerging mass society.

Intensified nationalist sentiments fostered rivalry, while ideologies were questioned regarding their true impact on society.