unit 7 country summary (made from summary slideshow)
Overview of 1815-1871
Historical period marked by significant political and social changes across Europe.
Key Themes
Conservative vs. Liberal Ideology: Conflict between conservative and liberal ideas shaped the formation of new nations through revolts and wars.
Impact of the Industrial Revolution: Major social changes emerged as a result of industrialization, altering lifestyles and economies.
Summary of Countries (1815-1871)
Great Britain
Reforms: Series of Reform Bills (1832, 1867, 1884) expanded suffrage, especially to men who paid taxes.
Political Climate: Rise of liberalism and gradual, albeit limited, social progress.
France
Political Shifts: Overthrow of Napoleon III after the Franco-Prussian War.
Republic Established: The Third Republic was formed, characterized by a two-house legislature.
Endurance: Despite many challenges, the republic lasted 65 years.
Spain
Constitutional Monarchy: Alfonso XII presided over a conservative rule.
Imperial Loss: The Spanish-American War resulted in loss of territories.
Political Climate: Growing attractiveness of socialism and anarchism amidst conservative dominance.
Kingdom of the Netherlands
Unified Nation: Political stability intermixed with social changes in the wake of revolutions.
Austria
Nationalism Threats: The multi-ethnic empire struggled with internal nationalism, with the Habsburgs' conservative governance threatened.
German States
Conservative Rule: Otto von Bismarck maneuvered conservatively; his policies limited Catholic influence.
Social Legislation: Introduced social security measures; marked increase in autocratic style with William II.
Italian States
Regional Disparities: Continued division between the industrialized north and the agricultural south; dominated by conservative rule.
Balkan States
Ethnic Nationalism: National aspirations cultivated amidst Ottoman decline, leading toward modernization and revolt.
Russia
Serf Emancipation: Alexander II freed serfs, but subsequent conservative reactions under Alexander III suppressed further progress.
Russification Policies: Aimed at homogenizing the empire, often alienating minority groups.
Ottoman Empire
Decline and Revolt: The empire faced numerous challenges, including nationalist movements and external pressures, leading to instability.
Notable Changes (1871-1894)
Significant Events: Period of continued transformation across nations.
Social Changes in the 19th Century**
Declining Death Rates: Advances in medicine and sanitation improved public health.
Urbanization and Employment: Cities began to improve; there was a rise in jobs for women and labor unions.
Cultural Shifts: Emergence of mass society with shared education, leisure activities, and consumerism.
Intellectual Developments**
Scientific Advancements: Increased understanding of germs and sanitation; rise of social Darwinism.
Final Thoughts**
Nationalist Sentiments: Intensified national feelings among European states, fostering rivalry and potential for conflict.
Reflections on Ideologies: Questioning the true extent and impact of the changes wrought by the Age of Ideologies.
Concise Version
Overview of 1815-1871
This period witnessed significant political and social transformations in Europe.
Key Themes
Conservative vs. Liberal Ideology: Conflicts led to the emergence of new nations through revolts and wars.
Impact of the Industrial Revolution: Industrialization drove major social changes, reshaping lifestyles and economies.
Summary of Countries (1815-1871)
Great Britain: Series of Reform Bills expanded suffrage; rise of liberalism.
France: Overthrow of Napoleon III, establishment of the Third Republic lasting 65 years.
Spain: Conservative monarchy under Alfonso XII, loss of territories post-Spanish-American War; growing socialist ideologies.
Kingdom of the Netherlands: Political stability amidst social changes.
Austria: Internal nationalism threatened the multi-ethnic empire dominated by the Habsburgs.
German States: Otto von Bismarck's conservative governance limited Catholic influence and introduced social security.
Italian States: Socio-economic divide between industrial north and agricultural south.
Balkan States: National aspirations emerged with Ottoman decline, leading to modernization.
Russia: Alexander II’s serf emancipation reversed by conservative suppression under Alexander III; Russification policies alienated minorities.
Ottoman Empire: Faced decline due to national movements and pressures.
Notable Changes (1871-1894)
Continued social transformation across nations; rising urbanization, declining death rates, and emerging mass society.
Intellectual Developments
Advances in public health and the rise of social Darwinism.
Final Thoughts
Intensified nationalist sentiments fostered rivalry, while ideologies were questioned regarding their true impact on society.