PSYC 6- UC San Diego Fall 22

variation

a trait that differs

reproductive differentiation

a differentiated trait that continues to be passed along

heredity

offspring trait that resembles parent

adaptive problems

parts of the world that potentially influence reproductive rates

cues

features of the world that contrived over evolutionary time with specific adaptive problems

evolution

the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth

mechanistic analysis

what factors internal to the organism caused the behavior

ontogenetic analysis

how did the behavior develop over time

phylogenetic analysis

how did the behavior become characteristic of this species

adaptive analysis

what function did this behavior evolve to executeresou

resource hypothesis

we have had to become very generalist to survive

cultural brain hypothesis

we are not born with innate ways of thinking and need the brain capacity to be taught them by a community

social brain hypothesis

the brain evolved to be social

machiavellian intelligence hypothesis

strategic thinking about how to use people for your own gainpar

parochial altruism hypothesis

local focus and helping those around you

just so stories

fake and fanciful stories

bands

small, temporary groups of multiple families

controlled fertility society

societies with access to birth control

natural fertility society

societies with no access to birth control

grandmother hypothesis

we live a long time so we can take care of our grandchildren

intuition

what feels true

anecdote

a story

authority

what a respected person said

tradition

what has been passed down

observation

counting and describing in systemic ways

prediction

make an educated guess

experimentation

randomly assign people to be treated in a certain way and make predictionscomm

unality

open sharing

universalism

research on your own merit

disinterestedness

motivated by knowledge on the subject

organized skepticism

considering any solutiono

quality

conduct best work possible

secrecy

closed practice

particularism

evaluate research via repetition

self interestedness

competition

organized dogmatism

only investing in own theories

quantity

producing data as fast as possible

lab experiment

lots of control and random assignment via experimenter

field experiment

some control mixed with natural world, random assignment via experimenter

natural experiment

no control over variable, random assignment via nature

quasi experiment

fake experiment

respect for persons

informed consent, privacy, consideration of deception, debriefing

beneficence

maximize benefits and minimize risks

justice

benefits and burdens should be equitable across populations

validity

the extent to which an observation from the world is caused by the things you have hypothesized to have caused it

face validity

does the variable appear to reflect the construct of interest

content validity

does the thing measured appear to have been selected from the universe you could think to draw on to measure the construct of interest

criterion validity

is it correlated with what you would expect it to be correlated with

internal validity

can we safely conclude the IV causes the DV

external validity

do the research finding generalize to other real world settings

mundane realism

the degree to which the materials and procedures involved in an experiment are similar to events that occur in real life

experimental realism

the extent to which participants experience the experimental situation as intended

condition

a mode or state of being

replication

the repetition of an experiment over and over

identical experiment

demonstrate the phenomenon in a reliable and universal way

conceptual replication

identifies the features of people and situations over which the phenomenon occurs

shrinking results

scientific evidence for the idea that many experiments tend to get weaker over timei

impossible results

results literally cannot exist

fraudulent results

faking data

engineered results

data collection made in ways that increase the likelihood of finding positive results

p-hacking

probability hacking

open data

data can be freely used and redistributed by anyone

open source

publicly accessible to anyone

open access

free of charge points that allow free distribution online

open method

describing the processes, procedures, and materials used in a research investigation

open peer review

anyone can review

open educational resources

there are resources explaining how one could replicate this

nature

people are the way they are because of biological traits

nurture

people are the way they are because of how they were raised

identical twins

twins that shared one zygote

fraternal twins

twins that were two different zygotes

environmental influences

exposure to outside influences that cause for changes in genetic presentation

additive genetic effects

the deviation from the mean phenotype due to inheritance of a particular allele and this allele's relative

propensity risk score

guess of what risks are included in the genes

unity

genes build a special type brain with certain universal psychological capacities

diversity

genes somewhat influence how evolved capabilities operate

self knowledge

understanding who we are and what we look like

mirror self recognition

ability to recognize yourself

physical cognition

do they have physical capacity for mental events

social cognition

do they understand social tasks

schema

a bigger picture summary of yourself

self esteem

a gauge of self acceptance

social rejection

when an individual is deliberately excluded from a social relationship or social interaction

social acceptance

when an individual is accepted into a social group

social comparison theory

people compare themselves to others to figure out themselves in relation

comparing upward

comparing to people who we see as worse

self control

intervening on your own mental processes

ego educated

ruled by reality principle

delay discounting

the decline in present value of a reward as the delay until you receiving it increases

schelling fences

planned exceptions need to be arbitrary

habits

emerge from repeated applications of plans and rules

causation

the act of causing something

animacy

the act of being alive and animate

goals

the object of a person's ambition or effort; an aim or desired result

human anatomy

the structure of one’s body

agentic movement

self initiated movement

medium animacy

no orientation present

high animacy

changes orientation

low animacy

does not change orientation

point lite display

coordination of light sources