Life and Works of Rizal: Module 7, 8, 9, 10

Cash Crops

Crops cultivated for export - examples: tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo, abaca, and coffee.

Decree

An order issued by a legal authority; a policy pronouncement

Insulares

Pure-blooded Spanish born in the Philippines

Peninsulares

Pure-blooded Spanish born in Iberian Peninsula i.e. Spain

Principalia

Wealthy pure-blooded natives said to have descended from the

kadatoan class

Sangley

A term that proliferated in the Spanish Philippines to refer tom people of pure Chinese descent; came from the Hokkien word "seng-li" meaning business.

Chino Infiel

Non-Catholic pure-blooded Chinese.

Mestizo

A person with mixed ancestry- one parent is Chinese or Spanish and the other is a native: an important sector of the population in nineteenth century Philippines.

Merchant Houses

Firms established in Manila and other cities by foreign traders

Guardia Civil

National police force of Spain, organized along military lines and engaged primarily in maintaining order in rural areas and in patrolling the frontiers and the highways.

Galleon Trade

From 1565-1815, this was the form of trade between the Philippines and Mexico. The galleons would sail to Mexico loaded with goods and return to the Philippines carrying the payment in silver.

Pacto de Retroventa

An agreement that allowed a landowner to sell his/her land with the guarantee that he/she could by the land back at the same price.

Social Stratification

A way by which people in a society are categorized based on socio-economic as well as political standards.

Governor General Jose de Basco y Vargas

First governor-general to the Philippines under the Bourbon mandate. He established the Royal Philippine Company in 1785 to finance agricultural projects and manage the new trade as well as other Asian market.

Governor-General Narcisco Claveria

His decree in 1849 urged the people in the colony to adopt surnames.

Mexican War

This ended the Galleon Trade.

Manila

This place became a trading center, it became a viable destination for people seeking better opportunities or those wanting to escape the worsening conditions in the farmlands.

Catalogo de Apellidos

In order to mitigate overcrowding and difficult tax collection, one measure implemented was the 1849 decree of Governor-General Narciso Claveria that urged the people in the colony to adopt surnames.

Agrarian Dispute

This is defined under Section 3 (d) of RA 6657 as any controversy relating to tenurial arrangements, whether leasehold, tenancy, stewardship or otherwise, over lands devoted to agriculture, including disputes concerning farmworkers' associations or representation of persons in negotiating, fixing, maintaining, changing, or seeking to arrange terms or conditions of such tenurial arrangements. It includes any controversy relating to compensation of lands acquired under this Act and other terms and conditions of transfer of ownership from landowners to farmworkers, tenants and other agrarian reform beneficiaries, whether the disputants stand in the proximate relation of farm operator and beneficiary, landowner and tenant, or lessor and lessee.

Conquistador

A spanish conqueror

Caballeria

A small tract of land included in a land grant

Canon

Annual rent paid by the Inquilino

Cavan

A measure equal to 75 liters

Hacienda

Large estates that were used for raising livestock and agricultural production

Inquilino

A tenant who rented land from the friars and subleased the land to sharecroppers

Principales

Ruling elite class

Sharecroppers

An individual who rented the land from an inquilino and worked the land

Sitio de Ganado Mayor

Large tract of land measuring 1, 742 ha.

Caballerias

Small tracts of land measuring 42. 55 ha.

Petition

Written request or call for change signed by many people in support of a share cause or concern.

Gobernadorcillo

Little Governor”; headed the Municipal Government; This is a position given to Filipinos; Occupied by former datus.

Real Audiencia in Manila

Judicial but legislative, executive, advisory, and administrative functions as well. Composed of the incumbent governor general as the presidente (presiding officer), four oidores (equivalent to associate justices), an asesor (legal adviser), an alguacil mayor (chief constable), among other officials, this was both a trial and appellate court. It had exclusive original, concurrent original and exclusive appellate jurisdictions.

Emilio Terrero

His term was in 1885-1888. The liberal governor-general. He ordered the investigation of the Friar Estate. He was also the one who summoned Rizal in Malacañang for his novel (Noli Me Tangere).

Valeriano Weyler

His term was in 1888-1891. He replaced Terrero. He has the nickname of “The Butcher of Cuba or the El Carnicero”

The Butcher of Cuba or the El Carnicero

The nickname of Valeriano Weyler. The reason is to win Cuba back for Spain, he would have to separate the rebels from the civilians Cubans were herded into so-called “reconcentration areas” in and around the larger cities; those who remained at large were treated as enemies. Thousands of people died in the reconcentration areas.

Eulogio Despujol

His term was in 1891-1893. He succeeded Weyler. Initially promised liberal policies. Rizal wrote to him to offer his services.

120 Spaniards

How many Spaniards were given grants that were often composed of a large tract of land known as sitio de ganado mayor and smaller tracts of land known as caballerias?

Transient

One of the reason, Spaniards hacenderos failed to develop their lands, the Spanish population in the Philippines was what?

Livestock

One of the reason, Spaniards hacenderos failed to develop their lands, the market for what products, which haciendas offered, remained relatively small until the latter parts of the Spanish colonial period?

Landlords, Inquilino, Sharecropper

What consists of the three-tiered system that emerged?

Hacienda de Calamba

In 1759 this property was owned by Spanish laymen

Don Manuel Jauregui

Who was the destitute Spanish layman who donated the lands to the Jesuits on the condition that he would be allowed to live in?

Don Clemente Azansa

In 1803 the government sold the property to which Spanish layman, for 44,507 pesos?

Dominicans

When Don Clemente died in 1883, the Hacienda de Azansa which measured 16,424 hectares was purchased by who for 52,000 pesos?

Sugar

What was a main commodity planted in the hacienda as there was a demand for the crop in the world market?

Paciano Rizal

In 1883, who wrote that the friars were collecting rents without issuing the usual receipts?

Real Audienca in the Philippines

The Calamba Case had been appealed to where?

Mariano Herboso

Charges against the friars continued with Rizal’s brother-in-law, who is he?

Yearly increase rentals, Faulty irrigation systems, Failure to issue receipts

Charges against the friars continued with Rizal’s brother-in-law, specially complaining about three things, what are those?

Jose Rizal

The tenants complied and submitted a report, but they also attached a petition authored by who?

Evict tenants

As a form of retaliation, what did the friars do to tenants who refused to pay rent in 1891?

Tribunal Supremo or Supreme Court in Madrid

Calambenos under Paciano’s leadership prepared another appeal this time to where?

Narcisa-Antonio

Rizal’s family was ordered to leave whose house did Rizal’s family stay on?

Dismantled

What happened to Narcisa-Antonio’s house?

El Filibusterismo

The experience affected Rizal deeply and the increasing despair he felt from the event would be reflected in what one of his novels?

Episcopal Visitation

An official pastoral visit conducted by the bishop on a diocese to examine the conditions of a congregation; often done once every three years

Garrote

An apparatus used for capital punishment in which an iron collar is tightened around a condemned person’s neck

Polo y Servicio

System of forced labor that required Filipino males from 16 to 60 years old to render service for a period of 40 days

Tributo or Tribute

A system of taxation imposed by the Spanish colonial government on the Filipinos in order to generate resources for the maintenance of the colony. Exemption: alcaldes, gobernadores and cabezas de barangay (in short, the principalia), and their sons, soldiers, members of the civil guard, government officials, and paupers.

Regular Clergy

Priests who belong to religious orders

Secular Clergy

Priests who do not belong to religious orders and are engaged in pastoral work

Mutiny

An occasion when a group of people, especially soldiers or sailors, refuses to obey orders and/or attempts to take control from people in authority

Governor-General Rafael de Izquierdo

Which Governor-General who restored press censorship, prohibited all talk on political matters and secularization of the parishes, disapproved the establishment of arts and trades in Manila, dismissed natives and mestizos in the civil and military service?

January 20, 1872

When did the Cavite Mutiny occurred?

250 Filipino Soldiers

Approximately how many Filipino soldiers and workers rose in revolt at an arsenal in Cavite Mutiny?

Sgt. Fernando La Madrid

The Cavite Mutiny was led by who?

Augustinians, Discalced Franciscans, Jesuits, Dominicans, Augustinians Recollects

What were the 5 religious orders in Regular Clergy

Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa

In 1774, Which Archbishop decided to uphold the diocese’s authority over the parishes and accepted the resignations of the regular priests. He assigned secular priests to take their place.

Royal Decree

What was issued on November 9, 1774, which provided for the secularization of all parishes or the transfer of parochial administration from the regular friars to the secular priests.

Monsignor Pedro Pelaez

Who was the ecclesiastical governor of the Church, sided with the Filipinos?

Francisco Saldua, Mariano Gomes, Jacinto Zamora, Jose Burgos

The execution in order

Francisco Saldua

Implicated the GomBurZa. He was executed first. His pardon never came. His Testimony:He had three times delivered messages to Zamora and then hurried to Burgos’ lodgings.He also said that the “Government of Fr. Burgos” would bring in the fleet of the United States to assist a revolution.

Mariano Gomes

He was the oldest and most venerable of the three; He was well-known for his anti-Spanish sentiment, well- loved by parishioners in
Bacoor that he served long and well.

Jose Burgos

He was one of the main proponents of secularization, which would allow secular (Filipino) clergy to get the position of parish priest from Spanish friars, known as “regulars”, who are members of religious congregations.

Jacinto Zamora

He was reading for a doctorate in canon law at the University of Santo Tomas. In 1860, he headed a student protest and was
punished by being confined to quarters for two months. His juvenile act of subversion did not affect his appointment to parishes in Marikina, Pasig, and Lipa, but his subversive record was brought against him in

La Verdad or The Truth

Before he was executed, Fr. Gomez what newspaper he published?

Panguingue

Zamora’s fatal vice was gambling, specifically what?

Jacinto Zamora

Whose note this was, that was confiscated in his mail “Big gathering. Come without jail. The comrades will come well provided with bullets and gunpowder.”?

Jose Zamora

The warrant for Zamora’s arrest was originally made out for?

Jose Burgos

Who said these last words? “What crime have I committed? Shall I die in this manner? Is there no justice in the world”?

Propaganda

Information used to promote or publicize a particular cause or point of view

Mariano Gomes

Who said these last words? “I very well know that not a single leaf can move except at the will of the Divine Creator. Since it is His will I die at this place, may his will be done.”

Restoration

Refers to the Spanish restoration; a period in Spanish history spanning the years 1874 - 1931 the saw the restoration of the monarchy under Alfonso XII together with the establishment of a bicameral legislature.

Creole and Mestizo

Are colonial racial categories referring to children to a Spanish
parent and a Filipino or Chinese parent, usually a Spanish father and Filipino or Chinese mother.

Los Dos Mundos

Graciano Lopez Jaena was the first to lead a series of protests in writing against the injustices of the Spaniards in the Philippines in what newspaper in 1883?

El Amor Patrio

What is said to be Rizal’s first published essay?

Espana en Filipinas

What newspaper started its publication through the support of Filipinos, creoles, and meztizos in Madrid?

Letter To The Young Women of Malolos

What was one of Rizal’s most important contributions in La Solidaridad, it recognized the efforts and bravery of 20 women from
Malolos who wrote a petition letter to Governor-General Valeriano Weyler to allow them to put up a night school where they could study the Spanish language under the tutelage of Teodoro Sandiko?

Education

Jose Rizal contributed to a bi-lingual newspaper, Diariong Tagalog.
On his contribution what idea did he focused on? the idea of national regeneration through?

The Propaganda Movement

It was a cultural organization formed in 1872 by Filipino expatriates in Europe. It was composed of: the Filipino elite (ilustrados) exiled liberals students attending Europe’s universities.

La Solidaridad

It was an organization created in Spain on December 13, 1888.
It was composed of: Filipino liberals exiled in 1872. students attending Europe’s universities. It was headed by Jose Rizal’s
cousin - Galicano Apacible. It also had a newspaper of the same name and was published in Barcelona, Spain.

Laong Laan and Dimasalang

What were the two pennames of Jose Rizal in La Solidaridad?

Graciano Lopez Jaena

Has a penname “Diego Laura”- the first editor and publisher of La Solidaridad.

Marciano Lopez Jaena

Has a penname “Plaridel”- 2nd editor and co-publisher of La Solidaridad.

Jose Alejandrino

Who helped Rizal in correcting errors in El Filibusterismo?

Ferdinand Blumentritt

He was a Austrian ethnologist