HOA 1 - Prehistoric Architecture

History of Architecture

- a record of man's efforts to build beautifully. It traces the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles which have prevailed lands and ages

-The particular method, the characteristics, manner of design which prevails at a certain place and time.

Geographical
Geological
Climate
Religious
social
Historical

6 Influences of Architecture

post and lintel construction
Arch and vault construction
Corbel and cantilever construction
Trussed construction

Four Great Constructive Principles

40 000 BCE

Oldest records of man

22,000 BCE - 14,000 BCE

Peak decline of the last Ice Age

13,000 BCE

First humans to migrate to the Americas

10,000 - 5,000 BCE

Early Neolithic Period

Gobekli Tepe (Turkey)

Stone reliefs done without metal tools

Nabta Playa (6000 BCE)

-Southern Egypt
-Built 45000 years earlier than the stonehenge
-To organize time to the seasons
-aided in stellar observation

Niuheliang Ritual Center, Mongolia

- 3500 BCE - 3000 BCE
-Fourteen burial mounds and altars over several hill ridges
-40m x 60m key building which had a goddess temple.

STONEHENGE (England)

-2600 BCE
-Contemporary with ur or with/and of the pyramid age
-100 m diameter henge

Heal Stone

- 4.9m high pointed stone outside the stonehenge

astronomical (north)
cardinal (south)

2 alignments of the Stone Henge

Beaker People

Modified the Stonehenge

Cursus

3 km x 100 m form the E-W axis

Sarsen

name of local sandstone builders

Bluestones were brought back and placed in a horseshoe configuration.

Final phase of the Stonehenge

1. changed from lunar to solar monuments
2. corners coincide with the rising and setting of winter and summer solstice
3. added the Blue Stone Circle
4. built the Cursus
5. Blue stones were removed; SarsenRing of Trilithons was added
6. Bluestones were brought back and placed in a horseshoe configuration.

Order of modification of the stonehenge

Tumulus

pre-historic burial mound

Menhir

a upright monolith marking a burial mond

Dolmen

Two or more large or upright stones supporting a horizontal slab

Cromlech

Circular arrangement of megalith enclosing a dolemen or burial ground

Lascaux, France

where the earliest form of dwelling rock cave located

American Indians: Teepee
Philippines version: Lean-to
American Indians: Hogan
Wigwam
South Italy: Trulio
Mongolia: Yurts

First houses evolved from tent-like structures

Civilization

-process of becoming civilized
-characterized by taste,refinement, or restraint
-where people have developed effective ways of organizing a society and care about art, science, and etc.

Mesopotamia
Indus Valley
Meso-America
Egypt
Persia
European
Greek
Roman

rise of civilizations

40 x 60 m

Measurements of the Nieuheliang Ritual Center

14

How many burial mounds and altars are there

3 km x 100 m

Measurement of the Cursus

100m

Diameter of the Stonehenge

4.9m

height of the healstone

3m

Height of the Gobleki Tepe

6000 BCE

Year when the Nabta Playa was made

3500-3000 BCE

Era when the Niuheliang Ritual center was made

2600

Era when the stonehenge wa smade

tumulus

an ancient burial mound; a barrow.

Menhir

a large uncut stone erected as a monument in the prehistoric era; a standing stone

Dolmen

a megalithic tomb with a large flat stone laid on upright ones, found chiefly in Britain and France.

Cromlech

a circle of megaliths

teepee

a cone-shaped tent made out of animal skins used by Native Americans of the plains

lean-to

a shack or shed supported at one side by trees or posts and having an inclined roof

hogan

a cone-shaped Navajo shelter built by covering a log frame with mud or adobe

wigwam

A native American lodge frequently having an oval shape and covered with bark or hides

Yurts

Tents in which the pastoral nomads lived; they could be quickly dismantled and loaded onto animals or carts.

Gobleki Tepe

Elaborate prehistoric temple site in southeast Turkey that seems to predate Neolithic agricultural period

Niuheliang Ritual Center

Composed of 14 burial mounds & altars over several hill ridges

Stonehenge

a structure found by scientist in England is believed to have been built in the Neolithic Age and Bronze Age