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59 Terms

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Nervous systems

Systems in animals that consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells.

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Neurons

Cells in the nervous system that transmit electrical signals.

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Supporting cells

Cells in the nervous system that provide support and nourishment to neurons.

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Nerve net

Interconnected nerve cells in cnidarians that control contraction and expansion of the gastrovascular cavity.

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Nerves

Bundles of axons of multiple nerve cells that channel and organize information flow through the nervous system.

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Ganglia

Segmentally arranged clusters of neurons found in annelids and arthropods.

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Glia

Cells in the nervous system that nourish, support, and regulate neurons.

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

The brain and spinal cord.

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Nerves and ganglia outside of the CNS.

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Motor system

Component of the PNS that carries signals to skeletal muscles.

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Autonomic nervous system

Component of the PNS that regulates smooth and cardiac muscles.

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Sensory receptors

Structures that detect stimuli and transmit signals to the CNS.

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Sensory transduction

Conversion of stimulus energy into a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor.

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Receptor potential

Change in membrane potential of a sensory receptor in response to a stimulus.

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Perception

Brain's construction of stimuli based on action potentials from sensory receptors.

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Amplification

Strengthening of a sensory signal during transduction.

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Adaptation

Decrease in responsiveness to continued stimulation.

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Mechanoreceptors

Sensory receptors that sense physical deformation caused by pressure, touch, stretch, motion, and sound.

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Electromagnetic receptors

Sensory receptors that detect electromagnetic energy such as light, electricity, and magnetism.

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Thermoreceptors

Sensory receptors that detect heat and cold.

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Pain receptors

Sensory receptors that detect stimuli that reflect conditions that could damage animal tissues.

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Chemoreceptors

Sensory receptors that transmit information about solute concentration or respond to specific molecules.

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Olfaction

Detection of odorants carried in the air.

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Gustation

Detection of tastants present in a solution.

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Hearing

Detection of sound waves by mechanoreceptors.

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Equilibrium

Perception of body balance and orientation.

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Statocysts

Organs in invertebrates that sense gravity and maintain equilibrium.

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Taste buds

Structures in the tongue that contain taste receptors.

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Papillae

Projections on the tongue where taste buds are mostly found.

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Umami

One of the five types of taste recognized by humans, associated with savory or meaty flavors.

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Hearing

Vibrating objects create pressure waves in the air, which are transduced by the ear into nerve impulses, perceived as sound in the brain.

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Tympanic membrane

The membrane in the ear that vibrates in response to vibrations in the air.

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Middle ear

The part of the ear that contains three bones that transmit vibrations of moving air to the cochlea.

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Oval window

A membrane on the cochlea's surface that receives the vibrations from the middle ear.

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Cochlea

A part of the inner ear that contains fluid and hair cells responsible for detecting sound.

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Basilar membrane

A membrane in the cochlea that vibrates in response to pressure waves in the fluid.

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Hair cells

Cells in the cochlea that bend in response to vibrations, causing ion channels to open or close and resulting in a change in auditory nerve sensations.

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Round window

The window at the end of the vestibular canal where fluid waves dissipate.

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Scala vestibuli

The vestibular canal in the cochlea.

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Scala tympani

The tympanic canal in the cochlea.

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Volume

The amplitude of the sound wave, which the ear can capture information about.

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Pitch

The frequency of the sound wave, which the ear can distinguish due to the non-uniformity of the basilar membrane.

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Equilibrium

The detection of body movement, position, and balance by several organs in the inner ear.

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Utricle and saccule

Organs in the inner ear that contain granules called otoliths, allowing perception of position relative to gravity or linear movement.

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Semicircular canals

Three canals in the inner ear that contain fluid and detect angular movement in any direction.

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Visual receptors

Cells or organs that detect light in animals.

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Photoreceptors

Cells that contain light-absorbing pigment molecules.

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Light-detecting organ

An organ in animals that detects light.

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Compound eyes

Eyes found in insects, crustaceans, and some worms, consisting of multiple light detectors called ommatidia.

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Single-lens eyes

Eyes found in some jellies, worms, mammals, spiders, and molluscs, working on a camera-like principle.

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Vertebrate visual system

The visual system in vertebrates, where light enters the eye and strikes the rods and cones, and the brain processes the visual information.

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Retina

The part of the eye where rods and cones are located and where visual information processing begins.

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Rods and cones

Photoreceptor cells in the retina that release the neurotransmitter glutamate in response to light.

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Bipolar cells

Neurons in the retina that receive glutamate from rods and cones and are either hyperpolarized or depolarized in response.

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Glutamate

A neurotransmitter released by rods and cones in the retina.

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Optic nerves

Nerves that carry visual information from the retina to the brain.

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Optic chiasm

The point where the optic nerves meet near the cerebral cortex.

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Color vision

The ability to perceive different colors.

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Cones

Photoreceptor cells in the retina responsible for color vision, with different types containing visual pigments for red, green, or blue.