Biology Exam #2 Study Guide

fungi

fungi

not plants, no chlorophyll, cannot make own food

stipe

the stem of the mushroom

volva

the cup at the base of mushroom

mycelium

network of threads, root-like structure of mushroom

spore dispersal methods

wind, animals, explosive bursting, basidosphere discharge

ways to identify trees

leaf shape, margin, smell, arrangement,

stomata

pores on the surface of plants that allow for gas exchange and water loss

chlorophyll

a green pigment found in plants and algae that allows them to use sunlight to make food through photosynthesis

fall colors

chlorophyll cells die, a corky abscission layer forms at leaf attachment which prevents water loss

weed

a plant that is not valued where it is growing and is usually of vigorous growth. one that tends to overgrow or choke out more desirable plants

native species

grows in the area naturally

alien species

planted in an area from another location

invasive species

from another area which spreads and outcompetes other plants (also alien)

invasive species in michigan

common buckthorn,

ecology

the study of relationships between organisms and their environment

relationship levels

individuals, populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes

exponential growth

populations grow uncontrollably due to unlimited resources. indicates an invasive species or one out of balance, not what we want

logistic growth

population growth decreases as resources become more scarce. what we want

carrying capacity

the number of individuals an environment can support without significant negative impacts to the given organism and its environment

primary productivity

the rate at which plants and other primary producers create new organic matter in an ecosystem (the amount of food in a system)

evolution

to change

accommodation

the process of adapting or adjusting to someone or something

consilience

how different disciplines interact and agree

young earth creationism

genesis 1-11 are history, no time gaps, days means 24 hrs, adam and eve were the first humans, there is evidence of worldwide flood, universe is 6000 years old

old earth creationism

genesis 1-11 are history, potentially time between 1:1 and 1:2, days were potentially 24 hrs but may have large gaps between, adam and eve were most likely the first humans, the flood was likely more local than global

evolutionary creationism

genesis 1-11 are poetic not history, God was the initial creator who put all the needs for development of the universe and biology into play, God guided evolution (some say He didn’t as well)

naturalism

all that exists is the result of natural law and natural mechanisms, there is no need for an intelligent designer

sun

the key source of all energy on the planet

photosynthesis

the process of sun energy becoming food energy

energy pyramid

sun, producers, herbivores/omnivores, carnivores/omnivores, keystone

water biochemical cycle

all of it is being recycled or is unusable

nitrogen biochemical cycle

we cannot live without it. vital for dna, rna, proteins, vitamins, and hormones

carbon biochemical cycle

stored in living and dead things, it is necessary for life. takes up 0.035% of the atmosphere

how we should evaluate claims

worldview, praxis, science

worldview

what ought to be? (stewardship, cultural mandate, who is our neighbor, what is mine)

praxis

then what must we do? (action, practice)

science

how does the world work? (logic, theory, fact)

weather

our environment now (within 30 years)

climate

the environment or weather patterns over 30 years

greenhouse effect

a natural process that warms the Earth's surface by trapping heat from the sun in the atmosphere

greenhouse gasses

Dihydrogen Oxide (water vapor), Carbon Dioxide(CO2), Methane(CH4), Ozone(O3), Nitrous Oxide(N2O), Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s), Perfluorocarbons (PFC’s)

genetic biodiversity

the variety of genes within a species

species diversity

the number of different species in a given community

ecosystem diversity

the diversity of ecosystems within a biome region, continent or world

species richness

the measure of the number of different species in an area

biodiversity

the variety of life on Earth, encompassing all living organisms including plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms, as well as the ecosystems they inhabit