Microbiology (Bacteria)

What kingdom do bacteria belong to?

Monera

Pathogenic

Disease causing.

What does chemosynthetic mean?

Make own food using energy from chemicals.

Give an example of a chemosynthetic bacterium important in agriculture and found on land, how is it beneficial?

Rhizobium, turns atmospheric nitrogen which plants can’t use into nitrates and ammonium compounds which plants can absorb and use.

Name the different shapes of bacteria and give an example of a disease caused by each type.

Spherical, streptococcus. Rod, anthrax. Spiral, cholera.

Are bacteria eukaryotic? Explain.

No they don’t have a membrane bound nucleus or membrane bound organelles.

What is the difference between infectious and contagious?

Infectious does not require direct contact, contagious does require direct contact.

LAG?

Adjusting to new conditions, no reproduction.

LOG?

Exponential growth, plenty of resources or no competition.

Stationary?

Competition, build up of waste, death equal reproduction.

Decline?

Toxins build up, death>reproduction.

Survival?

By endospores.

What is antibiotic resistance?

Not killed by antibiotic.

Give causes of antibiotic resistance.

Transfer by plasmids, improper prescription, not finishing course.

What is a bioreactor?

Vessel in which product is made by microorganisms or their products.

Describe batch (continuous) process.

Ingredients added, goes through all phases, removed, purified, clean apparatus (continuous; ingredient added all the time, kept at log or stationary phase, purified, clean.

What is sterile nutrient agar?

Sterile; no organism. Nutrient; contains food. Agar; jelly.

How can you distinguish between a fungus and a bacterium on an agar place?

Fungus; Hairy. Bacteria; shiny (slimy).

What is aseptic?

Has no disease causing organisms.

Fixation

Turning atmospheric nitrogen into soluble compounds

Autotrophic

Make their own food from inorganic material

Photosynthetic

Use energy from sunlight e.g. Cyanobacteria

Chemosynthetic

Use energy from chemical reactions e.g. deep-see vents

Heterotrophic

Get their food from other organisms

Saprophytic

Living on dead organic matter

Parasitic

Living in or on another species causing it harm

Mutualistic

Living in or on another species and both benefitting e.g. gut flora

Extracellular digestion

Digestive enzymes are passed out of organisms and into the environment, break down food sources in smaller units, absorbed through the cell membrane, only bacteria can digest cellulose

Mutation

Obtaining new genes from plasmids during conjugation with resistant bacteria

Endospore formation

DNA replicates and new DNA moves to one end of cell, tough resistant wall forms around new DNA, DNA and contents shrink as water is expelled, resistant, dormant, endospore released

Binary Fission

Cell elongates, DNA and plasmids replicate, DNA and plasmids move to either side of the midline, new cell wall forms at midline, cells separate

What is an antibiotic?

Chemical that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria

Give examples of harmful bacteria

TB, Pneumonia, whooping cough, tetanus, brucellosis, tuber soft rod

Give examples of beneficial bacteria

Medical ( antibiotics) Pollution control ( waste-sewage ) Human health ( mutualising bacteria in human large intestine- makes vitamin B,K ) Food production ( single cell protein-yoghurt)