Pyschology Unit 2 Chapter 9

9/18 halfway!

multi-store model

of memory proposes that memory consists of three stores: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory, each with different capacities and durations.

sensory memory

is the initial stage of memory that holds sensory information briefly, typically for a fraction of a second.

iconic memory

visual information, less than a second

echoic memory

auditory memory, 3 to 4 seconds

short-term memory

the second stage of memory that temporarily holds information for about 20 to 30 seconds, allowing for easy retrieval and manipulation.

encoding

the process of transforming information into a format that can be stored in memory, making it available for later retrieval.
visual codes - a visual image/representation of info

acoustic codes - a series of sounds

semantic codes - a sense of the meaning of the event

selective attention

the process of focusing on specific stimuli while ignoring others, which enhances encoding and memory retention.

inattentional blindness

fail to perceive something that was in our visual field because we weren’t paying attention, focused on something else

the failure to notice a fully visible but unexpected object because attention was engaged on another task or object.

change blindness

a phenomenon where a change in a visual stimulus goes unnoticed by the observer, often occurring when attention is diverted.

working memory

our ability to manipulate items in short-term memory and hold them for cognitive tasks, such as reasoning and comprehension.

central executive

part of working memory:

monitors incoming information and determines that other systems should be involved in processing the information

visuospatial sketchpad

part of working memory:

deals with visual information; this is our “mind’s eye” that we use to visualize the world

auditory loop

Lets you repeat the sounds in your mind to keep them active in memory.

part of working memory:

deals with words or numbers

maintenance rehearsal

a technique used to keep information in working memory by repeating it verbally or mentally.

elaborative rehearsal

a technique used to enhance the encoding of information by linking new material to existing knowledge, often involving deeper processing and understanding.

a type of effortful processing, putting mental effort into encoding the information

long-term memory

likely permanent, but can fade over time

the system for storing vast amounts of information over extended periods, typically divided into episodic, semantic, and procedural memory.

episodic memory

memories of specific events, stored in a sequential series of events.

Ex: remembering the last time you went on a date

semantic memory

General knowledge of the world, stored as facts, meanings, or categories rather than sequentially

Example: what is the difference between the terms effect and affect

Procedural memory

memories of skill and how to perform the, The memories are sequential but might be too complicated to describe in words

Example: how to throw a curveball

explicit/declarative memories

conscious memories of facts or events we actively tried to remember

Implicit memories

unintentional memories that we might not even realize we have

prospective memory

a type of memory that involves remembering to perform a planned action or recall intended actions in the future.

levels of processing model

theory suggesting that the depth of encoding affects how well information is remembered, with deeper levels leading to more durable memory.

long-term potentiation

neuron connection strengthens due to repeated firing, may be related to connections we make in our long-term memory

primary effect

more likely to recall items in beginning of a list

recency effect

can recall items presented at the end of a list

serial position effect

recall of a list is affect by the order of items in a list

method loci

a mnemonic technique that involves visualizing items to be remembered in specific physical locations.

spacing effect

the phenomenon where learning is more effective when study sessions are spaced out over time rather than crammed.

chunking

the process of breaking down information into smaller, manageable units or "chunks" to enhance memory retention.

mnemonic devices

techniques used to aid memory retention, often involving associations or patterns.

anterograde amnesia

damage to hippocampus, can’t encode new memory, but can recall existing memories

a condition characterized by the inability to create new memories following the onset of amnesia, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact.

retrograde amnesia

can’t remember anything before the trauma to the brain

retrieval cues

stimuli that help access information in memory, aiding the recall of specific memories.

tip of the tongue phenomenon

a temporary inability to access information, often feeling that the answer is just out of reach. by listing traits you gradually get closer and closer to the name, and you’re finally able to retrieve it

context dependent memory

importance of event caused use to encode the context surrounding the event

the phenomenon where recall is improved when the context at the time of encoding matches the retrieval context.

mood congruent memory

the tendency to recall memories that are consistent with one's current mood, making it easier to remember positive events when in a good mood and negative events when feeling down.

state dependent memroy

the phenomenon where recall is enhanced when an individual's internal state during encoding matches their state during retrieval.

constructed memory

a type of memory that involves the creation of false or distorted recollections of events, often influenced by external factors or misinformation.

misinformation effect

a memory phenomenon where a person's recall of an event becomes less accurate due to misleading information provided after the event.

retroactive interference

a memory phenomenon where newly learned information interferes with the recall of previously learned information.

proactive interference

a memory phenomenon where previously learned information interferes with the retrieval of newly learned information.

old info interferes with new info