psych chapter 4 and 9

Developmental psychologist study?

changes in people from conceivement to death

what ways do we develop?

physically, cognitively, socioemotionally

what are the development stages?

prenatal, neonatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence, middle adulthood, late adulthood/elderly

when is prenatal period

in the womb

what are teratogens?

anything mom does that can cause birth defects (alcohol, drugs)

toxoplasmosis

type of blood poisoning

ex: can’t change cat litter bc bacteria is sniffed and effects baby, eating raw fish and meat

APGAR test?

test on newborns to asses overall health, 7 or above is good and 10 is max

neonatal period

newborns are good for nothing, tests newborn reflexes

perceptual development of a newborn

newborn vision is bad, hearing is good, visual preference (likes looking at faces)

infancy socioemotional development

1st year of life is very important, needs secure attachment to caretaker

what is the experiment on 1 year olds and their mom leaving them and coming back called?

strange situation (aimsworth and bowlby)

secure attachment

children who show some distress when their caregiver leaves but are able to compose themselves quickly when the caregiver returns

insecure attachments

avoidant and resistant attachment

avoidant attachment

when an infant or child does not consistently receive the care and attention that they need to develop a healthy relationship with their parent or caregiver

resistant attachment

extremely distressed by the separations and cannot be soothed at reunions, essentially displaying much distress and angry resistance to interactions with the caregiver

development theories by who? (cognitive development)

Jean Piaget (Swiss psychologist)

Schemes

mental models of people, places, events. as we age we change our schemes

how do schemes change

assimilation: including new info to your existing scheme

ex: you learn what traits a dog has, furry, 4 legs, barks

accommodation: describes how we later adjust our schemas

ex: thinks a cat is a dog bc furry and 4 legs but meows so parents tells kid that it is a cat

4 stages of development (SPCF)

sensorimotor stage, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

sensorimotor stage

age: birth-2yrs

• motor skills

• object permanence, realizing things exist without seeing it

preoperational stage

age: 2-7

• limitations = egocentric, animism, centration

• egocentric (can’t understand other perspectives)

• animism (thinks everything has a life to it)

• centration (can only focus on one/center part of a problem)

• conservation not developed (cannot tell diff between volume)

• straightforward thinking, no reversibility

concrete operational stage

age: 7-12

• beginning adult logic

• decentration

• reversibility

formal operational stage

age: 12+

• logic, abstract reasoning

• creativity, hypothetical reasoning

erik eriksons psychosocial theory

8 stages, birth to death, developmental crises

what re the 8 stages of erik eriksons psychosocial theory?

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1)

2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1-2)

3. Initiative vs. Guilt (2 - 6)

4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6 - 12)

5. Identity vs. rule diffusion (12 - 20)

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (20 - 40)

7. generativity vs. Stagnation (40 - 60)

8. Integrity vs. Despair (60 +)

parenting styles

authoritative = good parenting

authoritarian = dictarian

indulgent and neglecting

strict vs permissive

sensation

deals with senses activating

perception

piecing senses all together in the brain

sensation neurons?

sends data to brian to put tgt

cornea

like plastic covering to protect the eye

iris

color part, regulates light in and out

pupil

hole in eye that changes size to let light into the eye, bright light, small pupil, dark, big pupil

lens

help you see by putting things into focus

cataract

cloudy lenses

floaters

dead cells in fluid

retina

a layer at the back of the eyeball containing cells that are sensitive to light and that trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain, where a visual image is formed.

photoreceptors in eye?

rods, cones

rods

• back of retina

• black and whites

• low light/darkness

cones

cones work well in light

in fovea (most sensitive part)

depth perception

3d takes 2 eyes

• monocular depth cues

interposition

if one item blocks other it is closer

linear perspective

parallel lines are wider the closer it is and less wide further away (a road)

relative size

• how much space does somebody take up

• closer guy is bigger than smaller guy far way but we know that they are about the same size

texture gradient

closer details, farther away we can’t see it

atmospheric perspective

clear close up, foggy far away

shadow/shading

circle to sphere

motion parallax

things close move faster than things far away (on train looking at trees and mountains)

perceptual constancies

• size constancy, when things move closer/farther, know it’s abt same size

• shape constancy, shape remain same, from diff angles

• color constancy, color same in diff light (gold vs blue dress)

• context guide our perceptions

hearing

• measured in hertz, freq

• freq is faster higherpitched

• decibels is volume

the ear parts

• outer ear

• middle ear

• inner ear

• cochlea

bottom up processing

In bottom-up processing, we allow the stimulus itself to shape our perception, without any preconceived ideas

top down processing

In top-down processing, we use our background knowledge and expectations to interpret what we see.

backward masking

chemical senses

• smell olfaction and taste gustation

where are taste receptors?

papillae on tongue

5 basic tastes

• salty

• sour

• bitter

• sweet

• umami

flavor = ?

flavor = taste + smell