psych chapter 4 and 9

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61 Terms

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Developmental psychologist study?

changes in people from conceivement to death

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what ways do we develop?

physically, cognitively, socioemotionally

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what are the development stages?

prenatal, neonatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence, middle adulthood, late adulthood/elderly

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when is prenatal period

in the womb

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what are teratogens?

anything mom does that can cause birth defects (alcohol, drugs)

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toxoplasmosis

type of blood poisoning

ex: can’t change cat litter bc bacteria is sniffed and effects baby, eating raw fish and meat

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APGAR test?

test on newborns to asses overall health, 7 or above is good and 10 is max

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neonatal period

newborns are good for nothing, tests newborn reflexes

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perceptual development of a newborn

newborn vision is bad, hearing is good, visual preference (likes looking at faces)

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infancy socioemotional development

1st year of life is very important, needs secure attachment to caretaker

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what is the experiment on 1 year olds and their mom leaving them and coming back called?

strange situation (aimsworth and bowlby)

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secure attachment

children who show some distress when their caregiver leaves but are able to compose themselves quickly when the caregiver returns

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insecure attachments

avoidant and resistant attachment

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avoidant attachment

when an infant or child does not consistently receive the care and attention that they need to develop a healthy relationship with their parent or caregiver

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resistant attachment

extremely distressed by the separations and cannot be soothed at reunions, essentially displaying much distress and angry resistance to interactions with the caregiver

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development theories by who? (cognitive development)

Jean Piaget (Swiss psychologist)

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Schemes

mental models of people, places, events. as we age we change our schemes

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how do schemes change

assimilation: including new info to your existing scheme

ex: you learn what traits a dog has, furry, 4 legs, barks

accommodation: describes how we later adjust our schemas

ex: thinks a cat is a dog bc furry and 4 legs but meows so parents tells kid that it is a cat

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4 stages of development (SPCF)

sensorimotor stage, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

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sensorimotor stage

age: birth-2yrs

  • motor skills

  • object permanence, realizing things exist without seeing it

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preoperational stage

age: 2-7

  • limitations = egocentric, animism, centration

  • egocentric (can’t understand other perspectives)

  • animism (thinks everything has a life to it)

  • centration (can only focus on one/center part of a problem)

  • conservation not developed (cannot tell diff between volume)

  • straightforward thinking, no reversibility

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concrete operational stage

age: 7-12

  • beginning adult logic

  • decentration

  • reversibility

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formal operational stage

age: 12+

  • logic, abstract reasoning

  • creativity, hypothetical reasoning

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erik eriksons psychosocial theory

8 stages, birth to death, developmental crises

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what re the 8 stages of erik eriksons psychosocial theory?

  1. Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1)

  2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1-2)

  3. Initiative vs. Guilt (2 - 6)

  4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6 - 12)

  5. Identity vs. rule diffusion (12 - 20)

  6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (20 - 40)

  7. generativity vs. Stagnation (40 - 60)

  8. Integrity vs. Despair (60 +)

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parenting styles

authoritative = good parenting

authoritarian = dictarian

indulgent and neglecting

strict vs permissive

<p>authoritative = good parenting</p><p>authoritarian = dictarian</p><p>indulgent and neglecting</p><p>strict vs permissive</p><p></p>
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sensation

deals with senses activating

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perception

piecing senses all together in the brain

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sensation neurons?

sends data to brian to put tgt

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cornea

like plastic covering to protect the eye

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iris

color part, regulates light in and out

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pupil

hole in eye that changes size to let light into the eye, bright light, small pupil, dark, big pupil

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lens

help you see by putting things into focus

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cataract

cloudy lenses

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floaters

dead cells in fluid

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retina

a layer at the back of the eyeball containing cells that are sensitive to light and that trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain, where a visual image is formed.

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photoreceptors in eye?

rods, cones

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rods

  • back of retina

  • black and whites

  • low light/darkness

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cones

cones work well in light

in fovea (most sensitive part)

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depth perception

3d takes 2 eyes

  • monocular depth cues

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interposition

if one item blocks other it is closer

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linear perspective

parallel lines are wider the closer it is and less wide further away (a road)

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relative size

  • how much space does somebody take up

  • closer guy is bigger than smaller guy far way but we know that they are about the same size

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texture gradient

closer details, farther away we can’t see it

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atmospheric perspective

clear close up, foggy far away

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shadow/shading

circle to sphere

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motion parallax

things close move faster than things far away (on train looking at trees and mountains)

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perceptual constancies

  • size constancy, when things move closer/farther, know it’s abt same size

  • shape constancy, shape remain same, from diff angles

  • color constancy, color same in diff light (gold vs blue dress)

  • context guide our perceptions

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hearing

  • measured in hertz, freq

  • freq is faster higherpitched

  • decibels is volume

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the ear parts

  • outer ear

  • middle ear

  • inner ear

  • cochlea

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bottom up processing

In bottom-up processing, we allow the stimulus itself to shape our perception, without any preconceived ideas

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top down processing

In top-down processing, we use our background knowledge and expectations to interpret what we see.

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backward masking

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chemical senses

  • smell olfaction and taste gustation

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where are taste receptors?

papillae on tongue

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5 basic tastes

  • salty

  • sour

  • bitter

  • sweet

  • umami

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flavor = ?

flavor = taste + smell

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