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Bios
Term which means “life”
Chemistry
Term which means “study of matter”
Biochemistry
Chemical basis of life
Study of chemical and chemical reactions occurring inside the body
Cell
Basic unit of life
Cell wall
Vacuole
Chloroplasts
Exclusive parts of the Plant cell
Cell wall
Contributes to the rigidity of the plant cell
Vacuole
Contributes to the turgidity of the plant cell
Chloroplasts
Produce the green pigment called Chlorophyll
Cellulose
Chemical composition of Plants’ cell wall
Peptidoglycan
Chemical composition of Bacteria’s cell wall
Chitin
Chemical composition of Fungi’s cell wall
Cell membrane
Outermost part of the animal cell
Forms closed bimolecular sheets that forms barriers to the flow of polar and ionized molecules
Regulates the entry and exit of substances
Lysis
Too much water enters the cell —> Swell —> Burst
Crenation
Too much water exits the cell —> Shink
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids
Glycoproteins
Chemical composition of the Cell membrane
Glycolipids
Conjugates of sugars + lipids
Glycoproteins
Conjugates of sugars + proteins
Sugar
“glyco” means what?
Glycolipids
Glycoproteins
Sugars found in the cell membrane
Glycoproteins
Proteins found in the cell membrane
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids
Lipids found in the cell membrane
Phospholipids
Major/main type of membrane lipids
R = amino alcohol
Phosphate group
Platform: Glycerol or Sphingosine
One or more fatty acids
Chemical composition of Phospholipids
Polar
Are the ff. compounds polar or non-polar?
Amino alcohol
Phosphate
Glycerol
Non-polar
Are the fatty acids found in phospholipids polar or non-polar?
Amphiphilic
Phospholipids are _____________ compound
Hydrophilic head (POLAR)
Hydrophobic tails (NON-POLAR)
2 Faces of Phospholipids
Phosphoglyceride
Sphingolipids
2 Types of Phospholipids
Lecithin
Cephalin
Examples of Phosphoglyceride
Phosphatidylcholine
Other name of Lecithin
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Other name of Cephalin
Sphingomyelin
Example of Spingholipids
Sphingomyelin
Insulator of Axons
Chemical composition of Myelin sheets
Cholesterol
Bi-regulator of membrane fluidity
high, fluid
In ______ temperatures, the cell membrane becomes too ______ and cholesterol stabilizes the membrane and raises its melting point
low, rigid
In ______ temperatures, the cell membrane becomes too ______ and cholesterol intercalates between the phospholipids and prevents them from clumping together and stiffening
Glycolipids
Conjugates of sugar + lipids
Cerebrosides
Globosides
Gangliosides
Examples of glycolipids in the cell membrane
Cerebrosides
Simplest glycolipids
Glucocerebroside
Galactocerebroside
2 kinds of Cerebrosides
Glucose
Sugar portion of glucocerebroside
Galactose
Sugar portion of galactocerebroside
Ceramide
Lipid portion of glucocerebroside and galactocerebroside
Sphingosine
1 Fatty acid
Chemical composition of ceramide
Glucocerebroside
Glucose + ceramide
Galactocerebroside
Galactose + ceramide
Globosides
Glycolipids which both of the sugars are present
Ceramide
Lipid portion of globosides
Glucose
Galactose
Ceramide
Chemical composition of Globosides
Gangliosides
Most complex type of Glycolipids
Sialic acid
Sugar portion of Gangliosides
Acidic sugar
Classified as Nonose (9C sugar)
Ceramide
Lipid portion of gangliosides
Sialic acid
Oligosaccharides
Ceramide
Chemical composition of Gangliosides
Blood group antigens
On the surface of RBC’s
Determine blood type
Blood type O
Ceramide-Glc - Gal - GalNAc - Gal
l -> a-1,2 glycosidic bond
Fuc
Blood type A
Ceramide-Glc - Gal - GalNAc - Gal - GalNAc
l -> a-1,2 glycosidic bond
Fuc
Blood type B
Ceramide-Glc - Gal - GalNAc - Gal - Gal
l -> a-1,2 glycosidic bond
Fuc
Active transport
Is it Active transport or Passive transport?
Against a concentration gradient (LOW TO HIGH)
Uphill direction
Active transport
Is it Active transport or Passive transport?
Energy requiring
Harness free energy from hydrolysis of ATP
Absorption of light
Active transport
Is it Active transport or Passive transport?
Na+-K+ ATPase Pump
Active transport
Is it Active transport or Passive transport?
Carrier-mediated
Since the carriers are mostly enzymes, they are: 1. Specific, 2. Saturable, 3. Inhibited by certain compounds
Passive transport
Is it Active transport or Passive transport?
Along a concentration gradient (LOW TO HIGH)
Downhill direction
Passive transport
Is it Active transport or Passive transport?
“Not energy requiring”
Passive transport
Is it Active transport or Passive transport?
“Ion-channels”
Passive diffusion
Not carrier-mediated passive transport
Facilitated diffusion
Carried-mediated passive transport
Na+-K+ ATPase Pump
The transporter protein or PUMP would hydrolyze ATP
Using the free energy released to drive conformational changes to the enzyme, it expels 3 Na+ from the cell and imports 2 K+ ions
Potassium
Major INTRACELLULAR CATION
Sodium
Major EXTRACELLULAR CATION
GABA
Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
GABA
Binds to its receptor
Conformational changes occur
Receptor opens, Cl ions enter the cell via passive transport
Cell becomes hyperpolarized
Hyperpolarized cell cannot fire an action potential
Organelles
“small organs”; microscopic
Mitochondrion/Mitochondria
Double membrane structure
“Power house of the cell”
Where carbohydrates, fats and amino acids are thoroughly oxidized to drive the synthesis of ATP for the cell
Ribose (5C sugar)
Adenine (N base)
Chemical composition of Adenosine
Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP)
Contains 3 phosphate groups, Adenosine, and 2 HEPB
Adenosine Di-Phosphate (ADP)
Contains 2 phosphate groups, Adenosine, and 1 HEPB
Adenosine Mono-Phosphate (AMP)
Contains 1 phosphate group, Adenosine, 1 phosphoester bond, and 0 HEPB
High Energy Phosphoanhydride Bond
The acronym HEPB stands for what?
Phosphoanhydride bond
Bond between 2 phosphate groups
stores energy
releases energy (30.5 kj/mol) when hydrolyzed
Phosphoester bond
Bond between adenosine and phosphate group
cAMP
AMP is catalyzed into what?
cAMP
Also known as secondary messenger
Adenylate cyclase
Enzyme that catalyzes AMP to cAMP
Lysosomes
“Suicide bags of the cell”
Digestive vesicles containing Hydrolytic enzymes or hydrolases that degrade: Lipids, Nucleic acids, Proteins
Membrane bound
B-hexosaminidase A
Enzyme that breakdowns excess gangliosides
DNAse, RNAse
Enzymes that breakdowns excess DNA and RNA respectively
Collagenase
Enzyme that breakdowns collagens
Autophagy
Natural, regulated mechanism of the cell that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional components
Digest infective organelle inside the cell
Infection control
Pathogens (disease causing microbes and viruses) are “digested” by the enzymes in the lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Secrete Catalase and Oxidase
Protects the cell against the harmful effects of Hydrogen peroxidase
Catalase
Enzyme that catalyzes Hydrogen peroxide to Water and Oxygen
Oxidase
Enzyme that neutralizes O2 free radicals
Agua oxigenada
Hydrogen peroxide is also known as?
Ribosomes
Sites of Protein Synthesis
2 Subunits: Small, Large
not membrane-bound
Small : 30s
Large: 50s
Prokaryotes:
Small: ____s
Large: ____s
Small : 40s
Large: 60s
Eukaryotes:
Small: ____s
Large: ____s
Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Antibacterial antibiotics that bind to 30 ribosomal subunits
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin (Macrolides)
Lincosamides
Antibacterial antibiotics that bind to 50 ribosomal subunits
Endoplasmic reticulum
Continuous network of folded sac-like or tube-like membranes running from the nucleus outward, with many interior channels and vestibules
Rough ER
ER that has ribosomes
site of protein synthesis and folding