Module 3 ( Biomolecules) 3.1 Organic Molecules Organic Molecules contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms. Four classes of organic molecules (Biomolecu

What do organic molecules contain?

Both carbon and hydrogen atoms.

What are the four classes of biomolecules?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

Why is carbon considered the basis of life?

Its structure allows for diverse bond formations and complex molecules.

How many covalent bonds can carbon form?

Four covalent bonds.

What is a carbon skeleton?

The carbon chain of an organic molecule.

What determines the chemical reactivity and polarity of organic molecules?

Functional groups.

What are isomers?

Organic molecules with identical molecular formulas but different arrangements of atoms.

What is a polymer?

A molecule composed of many repeating units called monomers.

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharide.

What are the three main types of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides.

What is a monosaccharide?

A single sugar molecule.

Give an example of a hexose monosaccharide.

Glucose, fructose, or galactose.

What is a disaccharide?

Two monosaccharides joined together.

Provide an example of a disaccharide.

Lactose, sucrose, or maltose.

What is a polysaccharide?

A polymer of monosaccharides.

What provides energy storage in plants?

Starch.

What is cellulose?

A polysaccharide found in plant cell walls.

What is the primary function of lipids?

Long-term energy storage.

What are triglycerides composed of?

One glycerol molecule linked to three fatty acids.

What are saturated fatty acids?

Fatty acids with no double bonds between carbons.

What are trans fats?

Triglycerides with at least one bond in a trans configuration.

What is the structure of phospholipids?

One glycerol linked to two fatty acids and a phosphate group.

What is the function of phospholipids?

To form plasma membranes of cells.

What are steroids composed of?

Four fused carbon rings.

What is the role of proteins in a cell?

Metabolism, support, transport, defense, regulation, and motion.

What are amino acids?

The monomers of proteins.

What is a peptide bond?

A covalent bond between amino acids.

What is denaturation?

The loss of a protein's proper shape.

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary.

What are chaperone proteins?

Proteins that help other proteins fold correctly.

What are prions?

Misfolded proteins that can cause diseases like mad cow disease.

What are nucleic acids composed of?

Polymers of nucleotides.

What are the two varieties of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA.

What is the structure of a nucleotide?

A phosphate, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

What is the backbone of DNA composed of?

Alternating sugar and phosphate molecules.

What kind of structure does DNA have?

Double-stranded with a helical shape.

What is ATP?

A nucleotide that serves as the energy currency of the cell.

What does hydrolysis of ATP yield?

ADP, an inorganic phosphate, and energy.

What is the primary educational role of proteins in cells?

They act as enzymes to accelerate chemical reactions.

List the four structures of proteins.

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary.

How does RNA differ from DNA in terms of strands?

RNA is usually single-stranded, whereas DNA is double-stranded.

What are the nitrogenous bases in DNA?

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.

How do adenine and thymine bond in DNA?

With hydrogen bonds.

What is the importance of complementary base pairing?

It ensures the accurate replication and transcription of DNA.

What is the sugar found in RNA?

Ribose.

What is the function of nucleotides in nucleic acids?

They are the building blocks that make up genetic information.