APUSH PD4 PT2

ADAMS

Federalist president whose administration passed the Alien & Sedition Acts.

JEFFERSON

Democratic-Republican president promoting agrarianism and limited government.

REVOLUTION OF 1800

First peaceful transfer of political power between parties.

WILSON

Founding-era advocate of popular sovereignty and centralized authority.

MADISON

Fourth president; led U.S. in the War of 1812; major framer of the Constitution.

ELECTORAL COLLEGE

Constitutional method for electing the president via state electors.

CENSUS

Required population count every 10 years for representation.

CAUCUS

Early party meeting to choose candidates.

ALIEN + SEDITION ACTS

Federalist laws restricting immigration and punishing dissent.

VIRGINIA + KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS

State arguments claiming states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws.

GABRIEL “AMERICAN TOUSSAINT”

Enslaved Virginian who planned an 1800 rebellion.

WILLIAM DUANE

Republican editor targeted under the Sedition Act.

PUBLIC VOTING

Open voice voting typical before secret ballots.

JAMES CALLENDER

Political journalist exposing scandals and attacking Federalists.

DELEGATES

Representatives selecting party nominees.

ELECTION OF 1800

Bitter contest ending in Jefferson–Burr tie resolved in the House.

12TH AMENDMENT

Mandated separate ballots for president and vice president.

JUDGE MARSHALL

Chief Justice who strengthened federal judicial power.

JOHN JAY

First Chief Justice and diplomat responsible for Jay’s Treaty.

1801 JUDICIARY ACT

Created “midnight judges”; later partially repealed.

MARBURY V. MADISON

Landmark case establishing judicial review.

MALTHUS

Economist predicting population outpacing food supply.

INDUSTRIALIZATION

Shift to mechanized production and factory systems.

LOUISIANA TERRITORY

Vast lands purchased from France in 1803.

NON-IMPORTATION ACT

Boycott of British goods to pressure neutrality rights.

EMBARGO ACT

Jefferson’s ban on foreign trade; hurt U.S. economy.

STRICT INTERPRETATION OF CONSTITUTION

Belief federal power must be narrowly construed.

IMPRESSMENT

British seizure of American sailors.

ABOLISHMENT OF SLAVE TRADE 1808

Federal ban on importation of enslaved Africans.

COTTON GIN

Whitney’s machine increasing cotton production and slavery.

WAR OF 1812

War with Britain over trade, impressment, and frontier conflict.

HARTFORD CONVENTION

Federalist meeting opposing the war; damaged party.

SALLY HEMMINGS

Enslaved woman connected to Jefferson through long-debated relationship.

PRINTERS

Influential early American newspaper publishers shaping politics.

HENRY CLAY

Architect of the American System; major compromise politician.

MEETING AT DAVID’S HOTEL

Political organizing event among Republicans in 1800.

AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY

Group advocating gradual emancipation and Black resettlement to Africa.

TALLMADGE AMENDMENT

Proposal for gradual emancipation in Missouri; sparked sectional crisis.

DANIEL RAYMOND

Early American economist criticizing laissez-faire.

MISSOURI COMPROMISE

Admitted Missouri slave, Maine free, banned slavery north of 36°30′.

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS

Sixth president; nationalist diplomat behind Monroe Doctrine.

ANDREW JACKSON

War hero and seventh president who championed the “common man.”

BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS

Jackson’s victory after the War of 1812 ended.

MONROE DOCTRINE

U.S. opposition to European colonization in the Americas.

ELECTION OF 1824

No majority; House chose Adams; “corrupt bargain” charge.

COMMON MAN

Jacksonian ideal of broad democratic participation.

DAVID RAMSAY

Historian promoting republican virtue.

JOHN REID

Author chronicling Jackson’s military campaigns.

JOHN EATON

Cabinet member at center of the Peggy Eaton scandal.

ABOLISHED PROPERTY REQUIREMENTS

States removed property qualifications for white male voting.

POPULAR ELECTIONS

Voters directly chose presidential electors in most states.

JAMES KENT

New York jurist defending property-based voting.

BALLOTS

Paper voting replacing public voice votes.

POPULAR VOTE

Total votes cast by the people in elections.

CORRUPT BARGAIN

Claim that Clay helped Adams win in exchange for office.

JULY 4, 1828

Opening of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad; symbol of progress.

ELECTION OF 1828

Jackson defeated Adams in highly polarized campaign.

INAUGURATION OF JACKSON

Marked rise of mass politics and crowd participation.

MARIA W. STEWART

Black abolitionist and women’s rights lecturer.

THE LIBERATOR

Garrison’s radical abolitionist newspaper.

THE SECOND GREAT AWAKENING

Religious revival fueling reform movements.

AGE OF THE MACHINE

Era characterized by mechanization and industry.

JAMES WATT

Developer of efficient steam engine.

DIVISION OF LABOR

Breaking production into specialized tasks.

JOSEPH-MARIE JACQUARD

Inventor of punched-card loom, early step toward computing.

CHARLES BABBAGE

Designed early mechanical computer concepts.

ADA LOVELACE

Wrote first algorithm; early computer pioneer.

CABOT LOWELL

Introduced integrated textile mills.

LOWELL MILL

Factory system using young women workers.

ERIE CANAL

Linked Great Lakes to Atlantic; boosted trade and NYC.

ROCHESTER

Boomtown shaped by canal commerce and revivalism.

ROCHESTER SOCIETY FOR THE PROMOTION OF TEMPERANCE

Early temperance organization.

TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT

Reform seeking to reduce or end alcohol consumption.

MIDDLE CLASS

Growing group shaped by market revolution and reform ideals.

LYMAN BEECHER + DAUGHTER CATHERINE

Leading religious and educational reformers.

CHARLES GARRISON FINNEY

Leading revivalist advocating moral reform.

JACOB BIGELOW

Physician promoting scientific medicine in America.

SCOT THOMAS CARLYLE

Writer critiquing industrial society.

TIMOTHY WALKER

Legal reformer promoting professionalization.

TREATY OF TRIPOLI

Early treaty affirming U.S. neutrality and religious freedom.

SEPARATION OF CHURCH + STATE

Principle limiting government religious involvement.

WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON

Radical abolitionist calling for immediate emancipation.

BLACK CHURCHES

Independent African American religious institutions fostering community and activism.

DAVID WALKER

Author of radical antislavery Appeal.

DENMARK VESEY

Leader of 1822 planned Charleston slave revolt.

NEGRO SEAMAN ACTS

Southern laws detaining free Black sailors.

NAT TURNER

Led 1831 slave rebellion in Virginia.

THOMAS JEFFERSON RANDOLPH

Bill proposer for gradual emancipation in Virginia.

ANTI-LITERACY ACTS

Southern laws banning teaching enslaved people to read.

MANIFEST DESTINY

Belief in U.S. providential expansion westward.

ANTISLAVERY ORG. FOR GRADUAL EMANCIPATION

Groups advocating phased ending of slavery.

ABOLITIONISTS FOR IMMEDIATE EMANCIPATION

Reformers demanding rapid end to slavery.

SOUTHERN ANTISLAVERY SOCIETIES

Early groups opposing slavery, mostly before 1830.

FEMALE ANTISLAVE SOCIETY

Women-led abolitionist organizations.

PANIC OF 1819

First major U.S. economic depression.

WORKING MEN’S PARTY

Early labor-oriented political party.

SAMUEL B. MORSE

Inventor of the telegraph and Morse code.

IRELAND POTATO FAMINE

Crisis causing massive Irish immigration.

COMMON SCHOOLS

Tax-funded public education movement.

CHARLES SUMNER

Radical antislavery senator.