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Civil rights
Protections for individuals from discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, sex, and other characteristics ensuring equal treatment under the law
13th amendment
An amendment to the constitution passed in 1865 prohibiting slavery within the United States
14th amendment
An amendment to the constitution passed in 1868 granting citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and placing restrictions on state laws that sought to abridge the privileges and immunities of the citizen of the United States
Equal protection clause
Clause of the 14th amendment that has been used to protect the civil rights of Americans from discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, gender, and other characteristics
15th amendment
An amendment to the constitution passed in 1870 granting voting rights to African American men
Separate but equal
The doctrine that racial segregation was constitutional so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal
Legal segregation
The separation by law of individuals based on their race
De jure segregation
The separation of individuals based on their characteristics, such as race, intentionally and by law
De facto segregation
A separation of individuals based on characteristics that arises not by law but because of other factors such as residential housing patterns
Affirmative action
A policy designed to address the consequences of previous discrimination by providing special consideration to individuals based upon characteristics, such as race or gender
Social movement
Large groups of citizens organizing for political change
Civil disobedience
The intentional refusal to obey a law to call attention to its injustice
Civil rights act of 1964
Legislation outlawing racial segregation in schools and public places and authorizing the attorney general to sue individual school districts that failed to desegregate
Voting rights act of 1965
Legislation outlawing literacy tests and authorizing the justice department to send federal officers to register voters in uncooperative cities, counties, and states
19th amendment
A 1920 constitutional amendment granting women the right to vote
Title IX (of the higher education amendments of 1972)
Legislation prohibiting sex discrimination in schools receiving federal aid, which had the impact of increasing female participation in sports programs
