topic test year 10 health term 1

Type 1 (Slow-Twitch Fibres)

Contract slowly but are fatigue-resistant, used for endurance activities.

Type 2A (Fast-Twitch Intermediate Fibres)

Contract quickly and generate moderate force. Used for middle-distance running, cycling. Characteristics: Uses both aerobic and anaerobic energy. More power than slow-twitch but less endurance.

Type 2B (Fast-Twitch Explosive Fibres)

Contract very quickly but fatigue rapidly. Used for sprinting, weightlifting, high-intensity sports. Characteristics: High power output. Low oxygen capacity (anaerobic). Best for short bursts of energy.

Functions of the Cardiorespiratory System

1. Delivers oxygen to muscles and organs. 2. Removes carbon dioxide and waste. 3. Circulates blood throughout the body. 4. Regulates body temperature. 5. Supports the immune system.

Arteries

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Example: Aorta (largest artery in the body).

Veins

Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Example: Superior vena cava.

Capillaries

Allow gas exchange between blood and tissues.

Direction of Blood Flow

Heart → Arteries → Capillaries → Veins → Heart.

Right Atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

Right Ventricle

Pumps blood to the lungs.

Left Atrium

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

Left Ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

Tricuspid Valve

Between the right atrium and right ventricle.

Pulmonary Valve

Between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.

Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve

Between the left atrium and left ventricle.

Aortic Valve

Between the left ventricle and aorta.

Systemic Circuit

Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body. Returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Pulmonary Circuit

Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart.

Blood Flow Through the Heart

1. Oxygenated blood arrives from the lungs via the pulmonary veins into the left atrium. 2. Blood moves into the left ventricle. 3. The left ventricle pumps blood through the aorta to the body. 4. Deoxygenated blood returns from the body to the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava. 5. Blood moves into the right ventricle. 6. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries.

Respiratory Pathway

Air travels through the following pathway: 1. Nose - Filters, warms, and moistens air. 2. Nasal Cavity - Further filters and humidifies air. 3. Pharynx - Common passage for air and food. 4. Larynx (Voice Box) - Contains vocal cords. 5. Trachea (Windpipe) - Carries air to the lungs. 6. Bronchi - Branch into smaller airways (bronchioles). 7. Lungs - Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli. 8. Alveoli - Tiny air sacs where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is expelled.

First Aid

First aid is the immediate care given to an injured or ill person before professional medical help arrives.

RICER (Injury Recovery Method)

R - Rest (Avoid using the injured area). I - Ice (Apply ice to reduce swelling). C - Compression (Wrap to minimize swelling). E - Elevation (Raise above heart level). R - Referral (Seek medical attention if needed).

DRS ABCD (Emergency Response Process)

1. D - Check for Danger (Ensure the scene is safe). 2. R - Check for Response (Talk to the person, check for movement). 3. S - Send for Help (Call emergency services). 4. A - Open the Airway (Check for obstructions). 5. B - Check for Breathing (Look, listen, feel for breaths). 6. C - Perform CPR (if necessary). 7. D - Use a Defibrillator (if available).

CPR Compression Ratios

30:2 - 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths. If unwilling to give breaths, continue hands-only compressions.