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What is classification?
the process of grouping organisms based on their on a set of criteria that helps to organize and indicate evolutionary relationships
What are are levels of the classification system?
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
What are the 3 domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
What are the 6 kingdoms?
Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Who made the classification system we use today?
Carolus Linnaeus: The Father of Taxonomy
What is binomial nomenclature?
the system of of giving a two-word Latin name to each species, the first word indicating genus and the second the species
What is hierarchical classification?
the method of classifying organisms in which species are arranged in categories from most general to most specific
What is a dichotomous key and how is it used?
an identification and organizational tool that is used to identify organisms based on physical traits and consists of two-part choices for the user
What is a species?
group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
What is an ecosystem?
a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment; contain abiotic and biotic factors
What are abiotic factors?
nonliving factors like climate or geology
What are biotic factors?
living factors like populations of a species
What is genetic diversity?
the total number of different alleles in a population; smallest scale of biodiversity
What is species diversity?
number of different species in the biosphere
What is ecosystem diversity?
variety of ecosystems in the biosphere; largest scale of biodiversity
What is a gene pool?
all the genes present in a population
What is a population?
a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time
What is resilience in an ecosystem?
an ecosystems ability to remain functional and stable white facing disturbances
What are the 2 major cell types?
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
What is a eukaryote?
multicellular organism's cells with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
What is a prokaryote?
a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
What is an autotroph?
an organism that makes its own food from sunlight
What is a heterotroph?
an organism that cannot make its own food and needs to feed off other organisms
What is sexual reproduction?
two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents
What is asexual reproduction?
the production of genetically identical offspring from a single parent
What are the characteristics of Kingdom Bacteria?
prokaryote
unicellular
cell walls made of peptidoglycan
autotrophs and heterotrophs
uses asexual reproduction
ex. Staphylococcus
What are the characteristics of Kingdom Archaea?
prokaryote
unicellular
occasionally no cell wall; never made of peptidoglycan
autotrophs and heterotrophs
uses asexual reproduction
ex. Sulfolobus archaea
What are the characteristics of Kingdom Protista?
eukaryote
unicellular and multicellular
occasionally no cell wall; sometimes made of cellulose
autotrophs and heterotrophs
uses both asexual and sexual reproduction
ex. Amoeba
What are the characteristics of Kingdom Fungi?
eukaryote
mostly multicellular
cell walls made of chitin
heterotrophs
uses sexual reproduction
ex. Mushroom
What is hyphae?
the branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi
How do fungi reproduce?
by releasing spores
What are the characteristics of Kingdom Animalia?
eukaryote
multicellular
no cell wall
heterotrophs
uses sexual reproduction
ex. Rabbits
What are invertebrates?
animals without a backbone
What are vertebrates?
animals with a backbone
What is an exoskeleton?
external skeleton; tough external covering that protects and supports the body of many invertebrates
What are the characteristics of Kingdom Plantae?
eukaryote
multicellular
cell walls made of cellulose
autotrophs
uses sexual reproduction
ex. Maple tree
What is a gymnosperm?
a plant that has seeds unprotected by an ovary or fruit
What is an angiosperm?
a plant that produces seeds in fruits and flowers
Name the parts of a female flower
Stigma (sticky and captures pollen)
Style (supports stigma)
Ovary (contains ovules)
Ovules (sacs that contain female gametes)
Name the parts of a male flower
Anther (where pollen is produced and stored)
Pollen (case that contains male gametes)
Filament Stalk (supports anther)
What is a virus?
a strand of DNA or RNA surrounded by a layer of protein that can infect and replicate in a host cell
How are viruses different than the other cell types?
viruses depend on invading other cells to live and they are not cellular, meaning they aren't living organisms
How are viruses classified?
type of nucleic acid, presence of an envelope, shape and size of capsid
What is a capsid?
protein coat surrounding a virus
What is replication?
the process of copying DNA before the cell reproduces
What is the lytic cycle?
immediate process of replication in viruses where the virus's genetic material uses the host cell's copying machinery to replicate
What is the lysogenic cycle?
replication process where virus does not immediately kill and take over the host cell
What is the coccus shape in micro-organisms?
spherical or nearly so
What is the bacillus shape in micro-organisms?
rod-shaped
What are extremophiles?
organisms that grow under extreme conditions (Archaea)
What are mesophiles?
moderate temperature loving microbes (most bacteria)
How do prokaryotes reproduce?
binary fission
What is bianary fission?
asexual reproduction where a cell divides into 2 genetically identical cells/organelles
What is a gram stain?
a stain that separates bacteria into 2 major divisions based on the cell wall's response; gram-positive have a thick protein wall and stain purple while gram-negative have a thin protein wall and stain pink
What is cilium?
a short, microscopic, hairlike vibrating structure
What is flagella?
long, thin, whip-like structure that helps organisms move through moist or wet surroundings
What is a mass extinction?
an event in which a large percentage of all living species become extinct in a relatively short period of time
What is a biodiversity crisis?
a rapid decrease in the variety of organisms on Earth
What is a somatic cell?
any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells
How many chromosomes do human somatic cells have?
46 (23 pairs), each pair has one from the mother and one from the father
What is a sex chromosome?
determines the sex of an organism, Female=XX , Male=XY
What is an autosome?
chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
What is a chromosome?
a long continuous thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes of the organism
What are sister chromatids?
2 identical copies of DNA held together by a centromere (one chromosome)
What is a centromere?
center of a chromosome that holds the sister chromatids together
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