Quarter Paper 2 Review Guide

These flashcards cover the key concepts necessary for the Quarter Paper 2 review, including understanding of plant anatomy, human respiratory and immune systems, and cellular processes.

How are capillaries structurally adapted to their function?

Capillaries have a small lumen diameter, thin walls, extensive branching, and may have fenestrations to facilitate exchange.

What are the key differences between arteries and veins?

Arteries have thicker walls, smaller lumen size, more muscle and elastic fibers, and no valves; veins have thinner walls, larger lumen size, less muscle and elastic fibers, and valves.

What is transpiration in plants?

The process of water transport from roots to leaves through xylem, driven by evaporation from leaf stomata.

What tissues are found in a plant stem?

Vascular bundles include xylem, phloem, cambium, cortex, pith, and epidermis.

Why do larger organisms need structures to maintain surface area for gas exchange?

To ensure sufficient oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal to meet metabolic demands.

What adaptations do leaves have for gas exchange?

Leaves have a waxy cuticle, stomata, guard cells, air spaces, spongy mesophyll, and veins to optimize gas exchange.

What structures in mammalian lungs maximize gas exchange?

Surfactant, branched bronchioles, extensive capillary beds, and a high surface area are present.

What is the function of the diaphragm in respiration?

The diaphragm contracts to increase thoracic volume during inspiration and relaxes during expiration.

Define tidal volume and vital capacity.

Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing; vital capacity is the maximum amount of air expelled after maximum inhalation.

What are the main differences between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells; meiosis results in four genetically diverse gametes.

What is the role of platelets in blood clotting?

Platelets aggregate to form a plug and release factors that aid in the clotting cascade.

What is the function of memory B cells in the immune response?

Memory B cells provide long-term immunity by remembering past pathogens for a faster response upon re-exposure.

How do plasma B-cells differ from memory B cells?

Plasma B-cells secrete antibodies immediately to fight infection, while memory B cells persist long-term for future immunity.

How is protein synthesized and secreted in cells?

Proteins are synthesized in ribosomes, folded in the Endoplasmic Reticulum, modified in the Golgi apparatus, and secreted via vesicles.