CDEP ( Construcrion D2)

Common Materials in Construction

1) Sitework

2) Concrete

3) Masonry

4) Metals

5) Wood

6) Thermal & Moisture

7) Doors and Windows

8) Finishes

Site

Geographic location of a construction project, usually defined by legal boundaries.

Setback

Minimum required distance from every structure to the property line of a lot established by a zoning.

Property Line

One of the legally defined and recorded boundaries of a parcel of land. Also called lot line or defined by "lot title"

TCT

Transfer of Certificate of Title

Theodolite

Instrument used for surveying

Typical Structural Frame - Bottom Up Process

Site > Foundation > Columns / Post > Girders / Beams > Joist / Beams > Floor > Load

Geotesting

Testing of soil for soil bearing.

Kinds of Load

1) Dead Load - Fixed static loads

2) Live Load - Moving or transient load

3) Wind Load - Pressure from wind

4) Other Load - Impact, shock, vibration, and seismic load

Foundation

Lowest division of a building or other construction, partly or wholly below the surface of the ground, designed to support and anchor the superstructure and transmit its loads directly to the earth.

Footing

Part of foundation bearing directly upon the supporting soil.

Types of Building Settlement

1) Uniform Settlement

2) Differential Settlement

Chair / Concrete Cover

Used for footing to avoid rust

Soil Bearing Capacity

the ability of the surface and subsurface material to carry the weight of the structures.

Lessor

Building owner or land owner

2 Types of Foundation

1) Shallow Foundation - Strong soil bearing capacity

2) Deep Foundation - Weak soil bearing capacity

Types of Footing

1) Isolated

2) Continuous

3) Strip

4) Combined

5) Mat

6) Ribbed Mat

Types of Deep Foundation

1) Driven Piles - Pre-Fab piles

2) Caisson Piles - Cast in place piles

Concrete

A proportion mixture of cement, aggregate, and water. Strong in handling compression forces, but very weak against tension. It is durable and fireproof.

Cement

Powder material which when combined with water possesses adhesive and cohesive properties. Type of binder that hardens in place. A calcined mixture of clay and limestone, finely pulverized and used as an ingredient in concrete mortar.

Aggregates

Inert granular material such as sand and gravel which when mix with cement and water result to concrete.

Water

Combines with cement to form a paste, which coats and surround the inert particles of aggregates and upon hardening, binds the entire mass together.

Setting

The hardening of concrete.

Mortar, Stucco, or Cement Plaster.

Mixed with water and fine aggregate of less than 6mm (1/4") but when mixed with a large aggregate of more than 6mm (1/4") in size produces, concrete.

Plain or Mass Concrete

Concrete without reinforcement.

Reinforced Concrete

Concrete in which steel reinforcement is embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces.

Kinds of Cementing Materials

1) Lime - Calcination of limestone

2) Gypsum - "Plaster"

3) Pozzolan Cement - Mix of slaked lime with pozzolana. (volcanic ash)

4) Portland Cement - Patented by John Aspdin

Types of Portland Cement

1) Normal - used in general structural work

2) Modified Portland Cement - used in structures in contact with ground water.

3) Highly Strength Cement - used in cold weather construction

4) Low-Heat Cement - used in large structures such as gravity dams

5) Sulfate Resistant Cement - used when high sulfate resistant attack is desired

*) White Portland Cement - decorative architectural concrete

*) Air-entraining Portland Cement - induces minute air bubbles in concrete mix

Types of Aggregates

1) Fine Aggregates

2) Coarse Aggregates

Admixtures

Substances added to a concrete mix to alter or enhance a specific property

Air-Entraining Agents

Introduces minute air bubbles in the concrete mix to increase its resistance to freezing

Accelerators

Used to speed up setting time and reduces the length of time for curing and protection

Retarders

Slows down the setting of a concrete mix in order to allow more time for placing and working the mix.

Reducers

Reduces water requirements of concrete for a given consistency. Also known as plasticizers.

Integral Waterproofing Compound

Reduces the capillary attraction of the voids in the concrete and decreases water absorption of concrete or mortar. Does not render the concrete completely water proof.

Colored Pigments

Used to give color to concrete floors.

Reinforcing Bars

Reinforcement changes the basic strength properties of concrete and consequently its behavior as a structural material.

Steel

Strong in handling both compression and tensile forces. But it requires fireproofing and maintenance against rust.

Water-Cement Ratio

The strength of concrete mix is high affected by how much water is added into the mixture

Wood

Though fibrous cellular substance that makes up most of the stems and branches of trees beneath the bark.

Classification of Wood

1) Softwood - Conifers, have needles instead of leaves

2) Hardwood - Broad leaved or deciduous trees

Structure of Wood

1) Bark - Outer layer of a wood

2) Sapwood - Softer, younger outer portion of a tree

3) Heartwood - Older, harder central portion of a tree

Defects of Wood

1) Checks - Cracks or lengthwise separation across the annual rings of growth

2) Shakes - Cracks between and parallel to the annual rings of growth.

3) Knots - Irregular growth in the body of a tree

4) Pitchpockets - Well-defined openings between annual rings

5) Wane - lock of wood on the edge or corner

6) Decay - Attack of Fungi

7) Warping - Caused by unequal shrinkage (Bow, Crook, Kink, Cup, Twist)

Methods of Sawing

1) Plain Sawing - Lumber cut to the annual rings of growth

2) Quarter Sawing - Wood cut radially to the annual rings of growth parallel to the rays

3) Rift Sawing - Wood cut at 30° to 60° angle to the corner of the timber.

Lumber Classifications

1) Strips - Less than 2" thick and less than 8" wide

2) Timber - Suitable for use as building material

3) Lumber - Manufactured by sawing

4) Dressed Lumber - Surfaced with a planing machine to attain a smooth surface

5) Rough Lumber - Saw, edged, and trimmed but not surfaced

6) Klin Dried - Seasoned in klin under controlled conditions.

Board Lumber

Pieces less than 2" thick and at least 8" wide; graded for appearance rather than strength; usually used for sidings and flooring

Planks

Wide pieces of lumber 2" to 5" thick. Used for stair stringers and treads, floor girders, roof girts and trusses.

Dimension Lumber

pieces more than 2" and less than 5" in any dimension; classified for strength rather than appearance; usually used for purlins, joists and wall framing

Timbers

Pieces 5" or more on the smallest dimension

Lumber

Classified by its size or dimensions measured in inches. Usually called 2x4. Generally they are available in even numbers 4,6,8,10,12 inches.

Nominal Size

The size of lumber when it is cut from the log.

Board Feet Formula

Thickness x Width x Length / 12

Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC)

Condition of dryness of the wood

Seasoning

The process of removing moisture from green wood (wood from freshly-cut logs)

Types of Seasoning

1) Air-Drying - Exposed to the air

2) Klin-Drying - Superheated steam

Beam

A rigid structural member designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across space to supporting elements.

Joist

Any of a series of small parallel beams for supporting floors, ceiling or flat roofs.

Girder

A large, principal beam designed to support concentrated loads at isolated points along length.

Floor

The level, base surface of a room or hall upon which one stands or walks.

Classification of Beams

1) Simple Beam

2) Cantilever Beam

3) Continuous Beam

Different Types of Wood Beam

1) Solid

2) Built-Up

3) Glue Laminated

4) Flitch Plate

5) Box Beam

6) Spaced

Point of Inflection

Section of beam at which the bending moment changes from positive to negative

Types of Reinforced Concrete Beams

1) Rectangular Beam

2) T-Beams

3) Beam with Compression Reinforcement

4) Cantilever Beams

5) Hollow Box Girders

6) Beam Brackets or Corbels

Open Web Steel Joist

Lightweight, shop fabricated steel members having a trussed web. A K-series joist has a web consisting of a single bent bar, running in a zigzag pattern between the upper and lower chords

Light Gauge Steel Joist

manufactured from cold formed sheet or strip steel. they form on economical floor system that is light weight, non-combustible, and damp proof. the joist are laid out in a manner that is similar to wood joists floor systems.

Types of Wood Floor System

1) Wood Joist System

2) Wood Plank and Beam

Types of Concrete Floor System

1) Suspended Slab

2) Concrete Slab on Grade

Types of Steel Floor System

1) Steel Joist System

2) Steel Beam and Decking

Wood Floor Framing System

Consists of the common floor joists, cross bridging, solid bridging, and other members which provide support for the flooring.

Floor Joist

One of a series of parallel beams of timber, reinforced concrete, or steel used to support floor and ceiling loads, and supported in turn by larger beams, girders or bearing walls; the widest dimension is vertically oriented.

Common Joist, Bridging Joist

A joint on which floor boards are laid; neither supports a joist nor is it supported by another.

Binding Joist, Binder

A beam which supports the common joists of a wood floor above and the ceiling joists below; common,y joins two vertical posts.

Girder

A large or principal beam of steel, reinforced concrete, or timber; used to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its length.

Bridging

A brace, or system of braces, placed between joists to stiffen them, to hold them in place, and to help distribute the load.

Cross Bridging, Diagonal Bridging, Herringbone Strutting

Diagonal bracing, in pairs, between adjacent floor joists to prevent the joists from twisting.

Block Bridging, Solid Bridging, Solid Strutting

Short members (boards) which are fixed vertically between floor joists to stiffen the joists

Bridging Floor

A floor supported by common joists, without girders.

Principal Joist

A large joist that carries much of the floor load.

Sleeper Joist

Any joist resisting directly on sleepers

Ledger, Ribbon or Ribband

A horizontal member which is housed in the studs of balloon framing and carries joists

Ledger Strip, Ribbon Strip

On a beam which carries joists flush with the upper edge of the beam, a strip of lumber which is nailed to the side of the beam, forming a seat for the joists and helping to support them.

Sill

A horizontal timber, at the bottom of the frame of a wood structure, which rests on the foundation

Types of Suspended Slabs

1) One Way Solid Slab on Beam - reinforcement run in one direction only

2) One Way Joist Slab or Ribbed Slab - economical type of floor construction

3) Two Way Solid Slab and Beam - slabs supported on four sides

4) Two Way Waffle Slab - able to carry heavier loads and span longer distances

5) Two Way Flat Plate - uniform thickness reinforced in two or more direction

6) Two Way Flat Slab - flat plate thickened at its column supports

Slab on Grade

Concrete slab placed over a dense or compacted base and supported directly by the ground.

Concrete Slab on Grade Joints

1) Isolation Joints - expansion joints

2) Construction Joints - provide a place for construction to stop and continue at later time

3) Control Joints - create lines of weakness

Metal Decking

Corrugated steel panels used as a working platform during construction and eventually as formwork for sitecast concrete slab.

Types of Metal Decking

1) Form Decking - permanent formwork for a reinforced concrete slab

2) Composite Decking - tensile reinforcement for the concrete slab

3) Cellular Decking - raceways for electrical wiring

Types of Precast Concrete Floor Units

1) Solid Flat Slabs

2) Hollow Core Slabs

3) Single Tees

4) Double Tees

5) Rectangular, L-Shaped and Inverted Tee Beams

6) AASHTO Girders

Pre-Tensioning

Reinforcing steel is first prestressed and then the concrete is poured.

Post-Tensioning

When the concrete is adequately cured, steel reinforcement is inserted in the tubes.

Types of Framing

1) Wood - (Light Framing & Heavy Timber)

2) Concrete - (Monolithic & Pre-Cast)

3) Steel - (Framed & Welded)

Types of Light Wood Framing

1) Balloon Frame - lightest form of framing. All floors are resting on one platform

2) Combination Frame - modification of the old braced frame

3) Platform Frame - both floors are resting on each respective platform

4) Heavy Wood Framing of Beam and Girder Framing - commonly used in the Philippines.

Drop Girts

In combination frame these are girts the support the floor joist.

Raised or Flush Girts

In combination frame these are parallel to the joist.

Pier

A column designated to support concentrated load.

Isolated Footing

The individual spread footing supporting a freestanding column or pier.

Types of Wood Joint

1) Plain Joint (Lap Joint)

2) Butt or Square Joint (End Joint)

3) Oblique Joint

4) Scarf Joint

5) Mortise and Tenon Joint

6) Halved Joint

7) Rabbet Joint

8) Dado Joint

9) Miter Joint

10) Dovetail Joint

11) Cropped Joint

Common Wood Joint for Furniture

1) Mortise Joint

2) Housed Joint

3) Bridled Joint

4) Dovetailed Joint

Variation of Lap Joint

1) Through Half Lap

2) Corner Half Lap

3) House Birds Mouth

4) House Lapped Dovetail

5) Lapped Half Dovetail

6) Beveled Shoulder Birds Mouth

Variations of Mortise and Tenon

1) Through Mortise and Tenon with Shoulders

2) Open Mortise and Tenon

3) Housed Mortise and Tenon

4) Stub Mortise and Tenon

5) Mortise and Tenon with Diminished Haunch

6) Wedged Dovetail Tenon