Exam 1 Gen Bio 1

Chapter 1,2,3,4

Organization (Betty eats carrots, potatos, onions, olives on the couch on monday afternoon)

Biosphere, Ecosystem, Communities, Populations, Organism, Organs, tissues, cell, organelle,molecules, atoms

How is a cell organized?

Cell structure—→Eukarotic vs prokaryotic—→organelle

what is the cell theory?

states that all living organisms are made from cells

Information

expression and transmission of genetic information

Transcription

DNA is transcribed into RNA

Translation

RNA is translated into a protein

Transcription and translation occur?

ribosomes

gene expression

the process of converting information from gene to cellular product

Energy and matter

Transfer and transformation of energy and matter ex. consumers eat producers that energy is not lost but transferred

Interactions

Molecular level of interaction to ecosystem

Unifying themes of biology(obama is easy man in earth)

Organization , information, energy and matter, interactions, evolution

Natural selection (Darwin)

Survival of the fittest 

Scientific method 

-make observations and ask questions about it 

-develop a testable explanation called a hypothesis

-design experiments to test the hypothesis )

(include a control . and determine dependent and independent variable)

-do experiments, and collect and analyze data

-draw conclusion

-communicate method, results, and conclusion

a scientific theory

an explanation supported by a large amount of evidence

evolution

living organisms are modified decedents of common ancestor

how does the branching tree model represent evolution?

development from prokaryotes cells or eukaryotes cells evolve into more complex organisms 

matter

made up of elements

elements properties

structure of an atoms -proton, neutron, electrons

element of life

main (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter)

trace elements

the extra elements that is needed but make up the remaining 4%)

atomic number

number of protons

atomic mass 

bottom number of the electrons 

protons and neutrons 

Isotopes

different number of neutrons causes it to react differently

radio activity

decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy 

electron shells 

the furthers shell have the most amount of energy, electrons are found on different electron shells

when is energy absorbed (electron shells)

when it moves from first shell to second or third shell

when is energy lost (electron shells)

when it moves from high energy (third) to low energy (first)

valance shell

outermost shell (most chemical behavior)

octet rule

when atom wants to have 8 electrons to be stable

orbitals

three-dimensional space where electrons are on (2s, 2p) first shell is 2, next is 8, next is 18. (2xn²)

covalent bonds

share electrons

polar covalent bonds

one atom is more electronegative, and the atoms do not share electrons equally

Van der Waals interactions 

are attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of weak bonds ex. molecules of a gecko’s toe hairs and a wall surface(electrons are unevenly distributed)

hydrogen bonds

form why a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom(partial neg is attracted to partial pos) ex. velcro- with jus one its easy to break but alot together it is strong)

ionic bonds(NaCl)

transfer of an electron

molecular shape determines

how the molecules recognize and respond to one another (how it is built is directly associated to what it does)

the shape binds to

the same receptors

chemical reactions

making and breaking of chemical bonds

reactants

starting molecules of chemical reactions

products

resulting molecules of chemical reactions

nonpolar covalent bonds

atoms share the electrons equally 

unequal sharing of electrons causes a

partial pos or neg charge of each atom or molecules (water form hydrogen bonds)

electronegativity of an atom(greedy)

how much an atom wants electrons for example oxygen is more electronegative and needs 2 more electrons to fill its shell. It will take or steal electrons from the hydrogen to make water (H20)

chemical equilibrium

reactions are reversible from reactants to products and products to reactants

arrows 1 (chemical reactions)

can only go on way (reactant can make products but products can’t make reactant)

arrow 2

reactions can go both ways (reactant can make products and products can make reactants)

water is polar molecule

because it has a slightly positive oxygen and slightly neg. hydrogen creating hydrogen bonds

4 emergent properties of water

-cohesion

-high specific heat

-density of water

-water as a solvent

cohesion

surface tension allows for a spider to walk on water —→ molecule to stick to itself(ex. change color of flower because it uses cohesion(stick other water molecules) up the roots against gravity

high specific heat

The amount of heat absorbed to change temperature(ex. alcohol swab dry faster than water swab on arm)(water resists changing its temperature because of its high specific heat)

adhesion

stick to other substances ex. water and plant cell walls (water sticks to the walls to go up the roots )

water absorb ____from warmer air (daytime)

heat

releases ___heat to cooler air (night time)

stored

kinetic energy

energy of motion

thermal energy

kinetic energy associated with random motion of atoms or molecules(volume)

temperature

the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter

heat

thermal energy is transfer from one body of matter to another

large body of water can ___and ____a huge amount of heat from the sun in daytime and during summer then during the winter (night) the gradually ___water can warm the air. (why its hot near coastal areas)

absorb, store, and cooling

evaporative cooling  

liquid to gas(sweating -getting rid of the hot molecules(highest energy) to leave the slow moving molecules that feels cooler )

heat of vaporization

the amount of heat required to change a substance from liquid to a gas at a constant temperature

evaporative cooling

as a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools

evaporative cooling of water helps

stabilize temperatures in organisms and bodies of water

elephants can’t sweat but…

spray cool water onto themselves instead. the water molecules with greatest kinetic energy leave as gas, making the remaining liquid water cooler

density of water (why does it float?)

because of hydrogen bonds!! water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid (the hydrogen bonds keep the molecules far enough apart to make ice 10% less dense than liquid water)

water as a solvent

aqueous solution

solution

liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of substances

solvent

does the dissolving

solute

gets dissolved 

hydrophobic

does not like water

hydrophilic

loves water

water is ____ solvent due to its polarity

versatile(even large polar molecules such as proteins can be dissolved in water if they have ionic and polar regions)

when an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules called a

hydration shell

Molarity (M)

the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

1 mole

6.02×10²3 molecules

why is liquid important for life

allow for swimming and staying hydrated.

reactant (why important for life)

many plants use photosynthesis to make food

density (why important for life)

ice float on water and help build a habit for polar bears, fish, and that environment to thrive

solvent (why important for life)

keeps ion in our body to stay in aqueous solution

cohesion and surface tension (why important for life)

bring water up to roots for plants, and surface tension allow for bugs to walk on water

high specific heat capacity (why important for life)

moderate the temperature so it doesn’t get too hot or cold for organisms living near water

heat vaporization (why important for life)

sweating (when bonds break it allow an organism to cool down)

acids

have more hydrogen ions(H^+)(less than pH7)

bases

have more hydroxide ions(OH^-)(more than pH7)

how to calculate pH?formulas

pH+pOH=14——>pH=14-pOH 

neutral based concentration

pH7

what are buffers

substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+and OH- so basically bring it back to an ideal concentration

organic chemistry

study of compounds that have carbon in the middle

radiometric dating (come back to look in chapter 3)

use isotopes 

carbon bonds with which 3

hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

properties of carbon

can make 4 bonds and 4 valence e- and this allow for carbon to make a tetrahedral shape 

two carbon atoms are joined by

double bonds

electron configuration

how e- are arranged around the nucleus (because of carbon’s electron configuration it can bond to many different elements)

each point of hexagon is a carbon, and carbon is usually a hydrogen with it

can be linked into chains

Stanley Miller experiment 

put a mixture of methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water in a closed system. They found out that amino acids and organic molecule that were essential for life could be self-produced therefore recreating early atmosphere on earth. it was heated and electric current was placed through to mimic the lighting strikes

carbon chains form the _____ of most organic molecules

skeletons

what is important about a valence of 4 for carbon

making 3D shape and be able make single, double, or triple bonds. It can also bond to itself

hydrocarbons

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

many organic molecules such as fats have _____ components

hydrocarbons

hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that _____ a large amount of energy

release 

isomers

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure and properties (basically build different)