AP Psychology-Intelligence

intelligence

the ability to learn from experiences and adapt to new situations with existing knowledge

general intelligence

accredited by Spearman, all mental abilities(cognitive based skills) are measured by a test

factor analysis

a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different levels of performance that underlies a person’s total score; this is categorizing things off of scoring

Spearman

researcher who believed we have one general intelligent and focused on factor analysis

Thurstone

early critic of general intelligence and identifies seven clusters of primary mental abilities; measures strengths and weaknesses

Cattell

developed the CHC theory

Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory

the theory that our intelligence is based on g(general intelligence) as well as specific abilities, bridged by Gf and Gc

fluid intelligence (Gf)

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age

crystallized intelligence (Gc)

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Gardner

researcher who argues that intelligence should be measured in plurality rather than singularity; proposed an eight relatively independent intelligences

savant syndrome

people who may score low on IQ tests but possess amazing abilities in other areas

linguistic intelligence

intelligence of language such a speaking, reading, and writing

spatial intelligence

intelligence of shapes and mental maps

bodily/kinesthetic intelligence

intelligence of coordination and body movement

intrapersonal intelligence

intelligence of understanding oneself

logical/mathematical intelligence

intelligence of problem solving or scientific analysis

musical intelligence

intelligence in musical skills

interpersonal intelligence

intelligence of others around/social skills

naturalistic intelligence

intelligence of navigating nature

spiritual/existential intelligence

intelligence of attuning to the conditions of life(living, dying, etc.)

Sternberg

researcher who proposed the triarchic theory

analytical intelligence

part of the triarchic theory, finding a single right answer, “book smart”

creative intelligence

part of the triarchic theory, innovative intelligence as adaptation to new situations and production of novel ideas, “outside the box”

practical intelligence

part of the triarchic theory, more effectively apply knowledge to daily tasks and find multi-faceted solutions for real world problems; “street smarts”

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

perceiving emotions

identifying our own emotions and others

understanding emotions

predicting emotions and how they may change over time

managing emotions

how to express emotions in varied situations and how to handle others’ emotions

using emotions

to facilitate adaptive or creative thinking

intelligence test

method of assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them with others with numerical scores

aptitude tests

test designed to predict a person’s future performance

achievement tests

test designed to assess what a person has learned

collectivist

stress the welfare of the family, community and society

individualistic

stress the importance of individual opportunity

Galton

hereditary genius, focused on eugenics and studied: reaction time, sensory acuity, muscular power, and body proportion; responsible for the phrase, “nature vs. nurture”

eugenics

encouraging only those fit to reproduce

Binet

researcher who designed a test to determine which students needed more support and measured mental age

mental age

the level of performance is typically associated with children of a certain chronological age; how you act and can you answer/act your age

Terman

assumed intelligence/mental capacity was present from birth

Stern

derived the famous intelligence quotient(IQ)

formula for IQ

mental age/chronological age X 100

Wechsler

tested separate strengths between children and adults; helped identify those that could benefit from special education opportunitites

psychometrics

the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits

standardization

defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

normal curve

the bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes, most scores fall near the average and fewer scores lie near extremes

reliability

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of that test, on alternative forms of the test, or on retesting

validity

the extent to which a test measures ot predicts what it’s supposed to

flynn effect

the rise in intelligence test performance over time and across culture

content validity

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest; content learned matches content being tested

predictive validity(criterion-related validity)

the success which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict

cross sectional study

research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time; show how abilities manifest across different cohorts

longitudinal study

research that follows and retests the same people over time

cohort

a group of people sharing a common characteristics, such as being from a given time period

growth mindset

focus on learning and growing

fixed mindset

the view that intelligences, abilities, and talents are unchangeable even with effort

Dweck

researcher who reported that believing intelligence is changeable fosters optimism and motivation

stereotype threat

self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated on a negative stereotype