period 4 apush review

neomercantilism

A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by state legislatures in the first half of the nineteenth century, especially in the Northeast. This system of activist government encouraged entrepreneurs to enhance the public welfare through private economic initiatives

panic of 1819

First major economic crisis of the United States. Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices, and as farmers’ income declined, they could not pay debts owed to stores and banks, many of which went bankrupt

commonwealth system

The republican system of political economy implemented by state governments in the early nineteenth century that funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare

market revolution

The dramatic increase between 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. The Market Revolution reflected the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the creation of a transportation network of roads, canals, and railroads

cotton complex

The economic system that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century binding together southern cotton production with northern clothmaking, shipping, and capital

samuel slater

came to america from britain and reproduced one of british most advanced machinery; set the stone for industrialization

waltham-lowell system

A labor system employing young farm women in New England factories that originated in 1822 and declined after 1860, when immigrant labor became predominant. The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church

black belt of american SE

fertile land for cotton cultivation

New York Emancipation Act of 1799

allowed slavery to continue until 1828 and freed slave children only at age of 25

Manumission Act in 1782

The legal act of relinquishing property rights in slaves. Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery, the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia’s 1782 manumission law in 1792

coastal trade

The domestic slave trade with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley

inland system

The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South

“positive good”

In 1837, South Carolina Senator John C. Calhoun argued on the floor of the Senate that slavery was not a necessary evil but a positive good “indispensable to the peace and happiness” of blacks and whites alike

paternalism

The ideology held by slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves

machine tools

Machines that made standardized metal parts for other machines, like textile looms and sewing machines. The development of machine tools by American inventors in the early nineteenth century accelerated industrialization

artisan republicanism

An ideology of production that celebrated small-scale producers and emphasized liberty and equality. It flourished after the American Revolution and gradually declined as a result of industrialization

labor theory of value

The belief that human labor produces economic value. Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market but by the amount of work required to make it, and that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced 

fall line

fastest growth of industrial towns

gang-labor system

A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity

franchise

the right to vote

political machines

A highly organized group of insiders that directs a political party. These complex, hierarchical party organizations, such as New York’s Tammany Hall, kept power through the strength of their political organization and their personal relationship with voters, especially working-class immigrants. Political machines were replaced by disciplined political parties usually run by professional politicians

caucus

a meeting held by a political party to choose candidates, make policies, and enforce party discipline

demographic transition

The sharp decline in birthrate in the United States beginning in the 1790s that was caused by changes in cultural behavior, including the use of birth control. The migration of thousands of young men to the trans-Appalachian west was also a factor in this decline

american colonization society

Founded by Henry Clay and other prominent citizens in 1817, the society argued that slaves had to be freed and then resettled, in Africa or elsewhere 

missouri compromise

A series of political agreements devised by Speaker of the House Henry Clay. Maine entered the Union as a free state and Missouri followed as a slave state, preserving a balance in the Senate between North and South. Farther west, it set the northern boundary of slavery at the southern boundary of Missouri

corrupt bargain

When Speaker of the House Henry Clay used his influence to select John Quincy Adams as president in 1824, and then Adams appointed Clay secretary of state, Andrew Jackson’s supporters called it a corrupt bargain

tariff of abominations

A tariff enacted in 1828 that raised duties significantly on raw materials, textiles, and iron goods. It enraged the South, which had no industries that needed protection and resented the higher cost of imported goods

spoils system

The widespread award of public jobs to political supporters after an electoral victory. In 1829, Andrew Jackson instituted the system on the national level, arguing that the rotation of officeholders was preferable to a permanent group of bureaucrats

ordinance of nullification

adopted by south carolina after congress reenacted the tariff of abominations; prohibited collection of taxes by the government

what did jacksonians call themselves

democrats

laissez faire

The political ideology of individual liberty, private property, a competitive market economy, free trade, and limited government. The ideal is a laissez faire or “let alone” policy in which government does the least possible

what was the second party system composed of

whigs and democrats

panic of 1837

Triggered by a sharp reduction in English capital and credit flowing into the United States, the cash shortage caused a panic while the collapse of credit led to a depression — the second major economic crisis of the United States — that lasted from 1837 to 1843

specie circular

An executive order in 1836 that required the Treasury Department to accept only gold and silver in payment for lands in the national domain

charles grandison finney

Presbyterian minister that held very emotional religious preachings across across states, especially NY

benevolent empire

A web of reform organizations, heavily Whig in their political orientation, built by evangelical Protestant men and women influenced by the Second Great Awakening

maine law

The nation’s first state law for the prohibition of liquor manufacture and sales, passed in 1851

minstrel shows

Popular theatrical entertainment begun around 1830 in which white actors in blackface presented comic routines that combined racist caricature and social criticism

penny papers

Sensational and popular urban newspapers that built large circulations by reporting crime and scandals

David Walker’s Appeal

The radical 1829 pamphlet by free African American David Walker in which he protested slavery and racial oppression, called for solidarity among people of African descent, and warned that slaves would revolt if the cause of freedom was not served

Nat Turner’s revolt

unsuccessful slave revolt but instilled more fear into slaveholders that tightened their control over slaves

gag rule

A procedure in the House of Representatives from 1836 to 1844 by which antislavery petitions were automatically tabled when they were received so that they could not become the subject of debate

liberty party

An antislavery political party that ran its first presidential candidate in 1844, controversially challenging both the Democrats and Whigs

domesticity

A middle-class ideal of “separate spheres” that celebrated women’s special mission as homemakers, wives, and mothers who exercised a Christian influence on their families and communities; it excluded women from professional careers, politics, and civic life

Female Moral Reform Society

An organization led by middle- class Christian women who viewed prostitutes as victims of male lust and sought to expose their male customers while “rescuing” sex workers and encouraging them to pursue respectable trades

married women’s property laws

Laws enacted between 1839 and 1860 in New York and other states that permitted married women to own, inherit, and bequeath property

republican aristocracy

The Old South gentry who envisioned themselves as an American aristocracy and feared federal government interference with their slave property

great american desert

A term coined by Major Stephen H. Long in 1820 to describe the grasslands of the southern plains from the ninety-fifth meridian west to the Rocky Mountains, which he believed was “almost wholly unfit for cultivation

what did the war party want in texas

led by sam houston and demanded independence for texas

what did the peace party want in texas

led by stephen austin, wanted to negotiate greater political autonomy

gullah dialect

A Creole language that combined English and African words in an African grammatical structure. It remained widespread in the South Carolina and Georgia low country throughout the nineteenth century and is still spoken in a modified form today

task system

A system of labor common in the rice-growing regions of South Carolina in which a slave was assigned a daily task to complete and was allowed to do as he wished upon its completion

german coast uprising

The largest slave revolt in nineteenth-century North America, it began on January 8, 1811, on Louisiana sugar plantations and involved more than two hundred enslaved workers. About ninety-five slaves were killed in the fighting or executed as a result of their involvement

fifty four forty or fight

Democratic candidate Governor James K. Polk’s slogan in the election of 1844 calling for American sovereignty over the entire Oregon Country, which stretched from California to Russian-occupied Alaska and at the time was shared with Great Britain 

bear flag republic

A short-lived republic created in California by American emigrants to sponsor a rebellion against Mexican authority in 1846