Large Animal Anatomy Random Stuff

Vertebral formula for the horse

C7 T18 L6 S5 Cd20

Vertebral formula for the goat

C7 T13 L6 S5 Cd18

Vertebral formula for the ox

C7 T13 L6 S5 Cd18

What goes through the lateral vertebral foramen?

The first cervical spinal nerve

Which foramen in the atlas that is commonly seen in large animal but not in dogs?

Alar foramen

What goes through the traverse foramen? IN which species is this foramen present?

The transverse foramen houses the vertebral artery, vein and some sympathetic nerves. It is seen in most species except the bovine.

Dog brachiocephalicus attachments

Humerus, mastoid process and dorsal neck

Brachiocephalicus attachments in the ruminant

Humerus, mastoid process and caudal skull

Brachiocephalicus attachments in the horse

Humerus and mastoid process

Sternocephalicus muscles attachment in the dog

Sternum, mastoid process and occipital bone

Sternocephalicus attachments in the ruminant

Mastoid process and mandible (except for goats)

Sternocephalicus attachments in the horse

Ramus of the mandible

What is the action of the sternothyroideus and sternohyoideus?

Sternohydoideus is going to pull the neck caudally and sternothyroideus is going to pull the larynx back caudally

Where does the mandibular part of the sternocephalicus reach in the goat?

The zygomatic arch

What are common sites of blockage/choke in the horse?

Thoracic inlet, esophageal hiatus and pharyngo-esophageal limen.

What is a common clinical case of inflammation of the supraspinous bursa called?

Fistulous withers

What is the region that superficial cervical lymph nodes drain in a horse?

Caudal head to cranial thorax, proximal forelimb

What is the region that superficial cervical lymph nodes drain in a horse?

Mid neck to caudal thorax, proximal forelimb

Why is unique about the thymus in young livestock animals?

The thymus will partly be in the thorax and extend up the neck

What is an easy way to find the lateral collateral ligament of the elbow joint?

Trace the origin of the lateral digital extensor in an equine

Which two muscles insert on the accessory carpal bone?

Ulnaris lateralis muscle and flexor carpi ulnaris muscle

Proximal sesamoid bones only articulate with the ____ metacarpal bone, not the proximal phalanx

third

What is the purpose of the palmar ligament?

The palmar ligament travels down the abaxial surface of the proximal sesamoid bones, holding to sesamoid bones together

What are the ligaments of the distal sesamoid bone?

The two collateral ligaments of the navicular bone and the impar ligament distal to the sesamoid bone

What is the purpose of dorsal and palmar pouches, especially in the metacarpophalangeal joint

Allows for greater movement when extending the limb

What are wind puffs?

Effusion of the fetlock joint or digital tendon sheath

In the case of ruminants, most of the weight-bearing is done on the ___ digit on the forelimb and the ___ digit on the hindlimb

Medial; lateral

Where does the lateral digital extensor attach in the equine?

Proximal dorsal aspect of the proximal phalanx

Where does the ulnaris lateralis muscle attach?

Accessory carpal bone and proximal aspect of the metacarpal bone

Where does the extensor carpi obliquus muscle attach?

Base of the second metacarpal bone

Where is the medial tendon of common digital extensor muscle going to attach in the ruminant?

Proximal dorsal aspect of middle phalanx if digit 3. It will receive extensor branches from the interosseous muscle

Where does the lateral tendon of the common digital extensor muscle attach in ruminants?

Extensor processes of the distal phalanx of digits 3 and 4

Where does the tendon of the lateral digital extensor attach for ruminants?

Proximal dorsal aspect of digit 4 on the middle phalanx. It receives extensor branches from the interosseus muscle.

What is the proximal check ligament also known as?

Accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor

What are the insertions for the superficial digital flexor in the horse?

Attaches to the distal aspect of the proximal phalanx and proximal aspect of the middle phalanx

What is deep digital flexor also known as?

Accessory ligament of DDF

Where does the DDF tendon attach?

The DDF attaches to the semilunar line of the distal phalanx

What structure pulls the proximal sesamoids proximally?

Suspensory ligament

What is the purpose of the passive stay apparatus?

Allows horses to sleep while standing with minimal muscular effort

How does the serratus ventralis contribute to the stay apparatus?

Not part of passive stay, but act as a sling to hold the trunk. When the animal in bearing weight, there is going to be a want to flex the shoulder joint and the elbow joint. There will also be a need to extend the fetlock joint

What prevents the collapsing to the shoulder joint in the stay apparatus?

The biceps brachii muscle and the internal tendon and tendon of origin of the biceps brachii.

What prevents the flexion of the elbow joint in the stay apparatus?

weight rests on nearly vertical radius, makes the animal purposefully have to extend the elbow to pop it into place. Also has eccentrically placed collateral ligaments and passive tension of carpal and digital flexors.

What prevents flexion or overextension in the carpal joints of the horse?

Biceps brachii muscle, lacertus fibrosis and extensor carpi radialis (inserting on metacarpal III). Overextension is prevented by the close packing of carpal bones and the palmar carpal ligament and pull of distal check ligament

What helps reduce overextension in the stay apparatus?

Suspensory apparatus and superficial and deep digital flexor tendons and their accessory ligaments

What helps reduce flexion or overextension of the pastern joint in the stay apparatus?

Overextension prevented by the straight sesamoidean ligament, palmar ligaments and DDF muscle. Flexion prevented by the SDF muscle

How is flexion of the coffin joint reduced during the stay apparatus?

Deep digital flexor muscle causes flexion of the coffin joint, pull of extensor branches of suspensory ligament pull on common digital extensor tendon to counteract and keep the hoof level

What does the dorsal branch of accessory nerve innervate?

The omotranversarius, the trapezius and the brachiocephalicus muscle

What does the ventral branch of the accessory nerve innervate?

The sternocephalicus muscle