Midterms: Lesson 1 - Intro to AbPsy

Psychopathology

the study of abnormal cognition, behavior and experiences which differs according to social norms and rests upon a number of constructs that are deemed to be the social norm at any particular era.

Psychological Disorder

It describes behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment.

Study

What is the meaning behind LOGY (LOGOS)?

Mind

What is the meaning behind PSYCHO?

Illness

What is the meaning behind PATHOS?

Presenting Problems

Is a traditional shorthand way of indicating why the person came to the clinic.

Prevalence

How many people in the population as a whole.

Incidence

Statistics on how many new cases occur during a given period, such as a year.

Course

age of onset, and possibly a different sex ratio and prevalence, most disorders follow a somewhat individual pattern.

Prognosis

Anticipated course of a disorder

Etiology

The study of origins, has to do with why a disorder begins (what causes it) and includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions.

• The Supernatural Tradition

• The Biological Tradition

• The Psychological Tradition

What are the historical conceptions of abnormal behavior?

Demons and Witches

During the last quarter of 14th century, religious and lay authorities supported these popular superstitions and society as a whole began to believe more strongly in the existence and power of ___ and ____.

Stress and Melancholy

Reflected the enlightened view that insanity was a natural phenomenon, caused by mental and emotional stress, and that it was curable.

Sin of Acedia/Sloth

Spiritual and Mental Laziness

Treatments for Possession

Exorcisms, confinement, beatings, and other forms of torture. (e.g., hanging people over a pit full of poisonous snakes, dunkings in ice-cold water)

Mass Hysteria

Large scale outbreaks of bizarre behavior. May simply demonstrate the phenomenon of emotion contagion, in which the experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us.

The moon and the stars

The movements of these two had profound effects on people’s psychological functioning.

Lunatic

“Moon”

Gravitational pull of the moon affects our bodily fluids, causing mental health conditions.

Hippocrates and Galen

“Hippocratic Corpus”, written between 450 and 350 B.C. in which they suggested that psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease.

Humoral Theory of Disorders

Hippocrates assumed that normal brain functioning was related to four bodily fluids or humors:

• Blood

• Black Bile

• Yellow Bile

• Phlegm

Blood

Temperament: Sanguine
Element: Air
Qualities: Hot, Moist
Characteristic/Personality: Courageous, Hopeful, Amorous

Yellow Bile

Temperament: Choleric
Element: Fire
Qualities: Hot, Dry
Characteristic/Personality: Short Tempered & Ambitious

Black Bile

Temperament: Melancholy
Element: Earth
Qualities: Cold, Dry
Characteristic/Personality: Introspective, Sentimental

Phlegm

Temperament: Phlegmatic
Element: Water
Qualities: Cold, Moist
Characteristic/Personality: Calm, Unemotional

Syphilis

Behavioral and cognitive symptoms of what we know as advanced _—a sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial micro-organism in the brain.

John P. Gray

The champion of the biological tradition in the United States was the most influential American psychiatrist of the time.

Insulin Shock Therapy

Insulin was occasionally given to stimulate appetite in psychotic patients who were not eating, but it also seemed to calm them down.

Electroconvulsive Therapy

A mild and modest electric shock to the head produced a brief convulsion and memory loss (amnesia) but otherwise did little harm.

• Opium

• Rauwolfia Sepentine

• Neuroleptics

• Benzodiazepines

What are other examples of medical treatments for biological treatments?

Moral Therapy

Referred more to emotional or psychological factors rather than to a code of conduct. Its basic tenets included treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible in a setting that encouraged and reinforced normal social interaction.

Dorothea Dix

The proponent of “Mental Hygiene Movement”. She campaigned endlessly for reform in the treatment of insanity, improving standards of care.

Low stimulation of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.

What is the biological explanation of depression?

Serotonin transporter gene

2 long:
Unlikely to have depression

1 Short and 1 Long:
Moderate likelihood to have depression.

2 Short:
High likelihood to have depression.

Distress

Emotional Equilibrium

Too much positive or negative emotions.

Ego Syntonic

People who feel that there is nothing wrong with them, but a disorder is present.

Examples:

• Personality Disorders

• Narcissistic Disorder

• Anti-social

• Histrionic Personality Disorder

  • Putting the blame on others

Ego Dystonic

People who are aware that there is something wrong, and a disorder is present.

• Depression

• Anxiety Disorder

• Bipolar Disorder

• Obsessive Compulsion Disorder

Dystonia

Being in a heightened state to the point of “out of touch” with reality.

Dysfunction

The inability to function.

Severity Measurements

Mild, Moderately Severe.

Deviance

Different from the norms in their usual self.

Danger

Can hurt themselves or others.

Duration

The measurement. How long it occurs.

2 weeks

According to the DSM-5, what is the minimum duration that a person should experience symptoms for Depressive Disorder before needing medical attention?

Mania

1 - 2 Weeks of symptoms

Hypomania

4 days of symptoms

Schizophrenia

6 months and above of symptoms