APUSH CHAPTER 8

What were the two driving forces of economic growth in the first half of the nineteenth century in America?

The Industrial Revolution and the development and expansion of the market economy.

What social transformations accompanied the economic growth during 1800-1848?

The rise of an urban society, growing ties between the Northeast and Midwest, further isolation of the South, and tensions among social groups.

Which groups of immigrants were highlighted during the economic transformations of the early 19th century?

Newly arriving immigrants from Ireland and Germany.

What role did the federal government play in the growth of the market economy after the American Revolution?

The federal government supported private businesses that expanded technology and transportation.

What infrastructure developments contributed to regional and national growth?

Lancaster Turnpike and canals.

How did rural families change during the early industrialization period?

Rural families that relied on farming became some of the first modern factory workers.

What was one result of the increased dependency on the market economy for rural households?

Rural households became more prosperous but also more dependent on the market.

What technological advances characterized industrialization in the U.S. between 1790 and 1860?

The development of the modern factory system, in conjunction with a distinct division of labor.

What type of workers first filled the textile factories?

Many of the early workers were women.

How did the labor forces in textile factories change over time?

Women's labor was soon supplemented by low-skilled men.

What were early labor organizations concerned about?

Low pay and harsh working conditions.

What innovation greatly aided the growth of manufacturing in the early 19th century?

The creation of interchangeable parts.

Who were the Boston Associates?

A group influential in the growth of the American textile industry during the early industrialization.

What notable transportation networks facilitated both commerce and settlement movement?

The construction of roads and canals.

What was the effect of the market revolution on economic inequality?

It widened the gap between the rich and poor.

What elite emerged in many towns and cities due to economic changes?

A business elite.

How did the role of women change during the period of economic transformation?

Middle-class women viewed themselves as guardians of their children's futures.

What perception arose regarding middle-class men's success during the economic transformation?

Success was attributed to their willingness to work, leading to the image of the self-made man.

What economic perception obscured the lives of those at the poorer end of the economic scale?

The idea of the self-made man among middle-class men.

What were the major precursors of the modern factory system?

The growth of the textile industry and advancements in manufacturing technology.

What did the government policies like protective tariffs impact during the industrialization period?

They supported the growth of manufacturing.

What was the impact of advances in transportation on cities?

Cities and towns grew along trade routes.

What were the Erie Canal and the National Road examples of?

State-sponsored infrastructure improvements.

How did the arrival of new immigrants correlate with social tensions?

It heightened tensions among different social groups.

What is the significance of the phrase 'Market Revolution'?

It refers to the economic and social transformation that occurred as market economies expanded.

What societal change separated middle-class women from other women?

The ability to stay at home versus having to work.

In which industries did manufacturing technology lead to increased production?

Particularly textiles.

When did industrialization particularly unfold in the United States?

Between 1790 and 1860.

How did urban society rise during the economic transformations?

Due to industrialization and the expansion of the market economy.

What were the social implications of the emerging business elite?

It contributed to growing class divisions.

What was a major consequence of increased competition in manufacturing?

Tensions and conflict between workers and management.

What distinguished the new labor pools that emerged during the Industrial Revolution?

Newly discovered sources of labor such as women and immigrants.

Which model is often referenced regarding early textile factory organization?

The Lowell model.

What defined the differences between economic classes during this period?

The gap between the rich and poor widened.

What major economic trend began in the post-Revolutionary period?

Growth of the market economy.

How did the technological advances affect the economy as a whole?

They led to increased production and efficiency across various industries.

What did the successful entrepreneurs of the time embody?

The idea of the self-made man.

What fundamental change occurred in family roles during industrialization?

The roles of genders and responsibilities shifted significantly.

What responsibility did middle-class women take on in society?

Guardianship of the home and children's futures.

What key feature was essential for developing the modern factory system?

A distinct division of labor.

What were the consequences of the economic dependency on the market for rural producers?

They became more prosperous but also vulnerable to market fluctuations.

Why were protective tariffs important for early manufacturing?

They shielded American industries from foreign competition.

What was a major driver behind the construction of roads and canals?

Government initiative to improve infrastructure.