Studied by 1 person
Systematics
classification of organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships
Taxonomy
naming and classifying species
Phylogenetics
hypothesis of evolutionary history. Use phylogenetic trees to show evolution
To determine evolutionary relationships, scientists us
Fossil records
DNA
Proteins
Homologous structures
Phylogenetic trees
diagrams that represent the evolutionary history of a group of organisms
Similar to cladograms
except trees show the amount of change over time measured by fossils
In a cladogram, each line represents
a lineage
In a cladogram, each branching point is
a node
Nodes and branches from a cladogram are called
clades
The root
the common ancestor of all the species
Two classes that emerge from the same node are
sister taxa
A lineage that evolved from the root and remains unbranched is
the basal taxon
Synapomorphy
a derived character shared by clad members
Derived characteristic
similarity inherited from the most recent common ancestor of an entire group
Ancestral characteristic
Similarity that arose prior to the common ancestor
Many cladograms and trees include an
outgroup
Monophyletic group
includes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all of its descendants (clade)
Paraphyletic group
includes the most recent common ancestor of the group, but not all its descendants
Polyphyletic group
does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group
Parsimony
If there are conflicts among characters, use the principle of parsimony. Use the hypothesis that requires the fewest assumptions (DNA changes)
Primary sources of evidence
the fossil record
comparative morphology
biogeography
fossils
remains or traces of past organisms
Fossil record
gives a visual of evolutionary change overtime
Fossils can be dated by examining the rate of
carbon 14 decay and the age of rocks where the fossils are found
Comparative morphology
analysis of the structures of living and extinct organisms
Homology
characteristics is related species that have a similarities even if that have similarities even if the functions differ
Homology
characteristics is related species that have similarities even if the functions differ
Embryonnic homology
many species have similar embryonic development
Vestigial structures
structures that are conserved even though they no longer have use
Molecular homology
many species share similar DNA and amino acid sequence
Homologous structures
characteristics that are similar in two species because they share a common ancestor
Convergent evolution
similar adaptations that have evolved in distantly related organisms due to similar environments
Analogous structures
structures that are similar but have separate evolutionary origins
Structural evidence indicates common ancestry of
all eukaryotes
Cellular examples
membrane-bound organelles
linear chromosomes
introns in genes
Biogeography
the distribution of animals
What types of data provides evidence for evolution?
Fossil data, biogeography and morphology
Populations continue to evolve, genomes change
antibiotic resistance in bacteria
insect resistance to pesticides
pathogens cause emerging (new) diseases
Note 
Flashcard (38)