India/Pakistan Test

Why did the British want Muslims and Hindus to fight each other (divide and rule strategy)? 

Because this limited Indian resistance to imperial rule

Why did Muslims start to feel unsafe in British India?

Muslims did not have a united political party in the new government, while the Hindus did

By 1945, what was Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, supporting?

A separate nation for India's Muslim population

Why did Britain decide to create two separate states upon their withdrawl from India?

They were leaving as tensions were escalating and felt it was the only way to leave without causing a civil war.

What is the primary reason that Britain left India sooner than they had initially planned?

They were bankrupt from fighting World War II

India did achieve independence.  However, what was a consequence of the partition of India? 

Mass migrations and violence

What is at the root of the conflict over Kashmir, a region in Eastern Pakistan?

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Ownership of the region

Has the rivalry between Pakistan and India ended?

No

Mohandas K. Gandhi

* teachings blend all religions
* became known as “Mahatma” which means great soul
* thought of the idea: civil disobedience and nonviolent protest

What is the Rowlatt Acts?

laws to jail any protester without a trial for as long as 2 years

Civil disobedience: Examples/Results

* boycotts
* refuse to buy British goods
* refuse to attend government schools, pay taxes, vote in elections, ride railroad
* 1 day work stoppage (they go on strike or slow their work process)
* cloth burning - homespun movement
* symbolic movements to gain independence

What is civil disobedience?

deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law; always nonviolent

The Salt March

* \[Spring 1930\] Gandhi organized demonstration - defy Salt Acts
* Gandhi and his followers walk 240 miles to coast and make salt

Government of India Act

brought about a limited increase in the involvement of Indians in the governance of colonial India.

During WWII

* Gandhi continues to demand independence while GB demands India devotion to war
* Quit India Campaign

Results of the Salt March

* 60,000 including Gandhi and his wife are arrested
* British brutally attack demonstrators
* British jails were packed

After WWII

* GB was exhausted from the war
* parts of London had been reduced to rubble

Muslim League

* represented Muslims (25% of the population)
* would not accept a Hindu-controlled government
* they wanted a separate country

Jawaharlal Nehru

* first prime minister of India (1947-1964)
* the longest serving prime minister (16 years)
* relatively secular
* led a democracy
* he tried to address divisions that were holding India back (ex> caste discrimination)
* 1950: the Indian constitution takes effect

Calcutta Riots

* “Direct Action” for Muslim Homeland
* Muslims vs. Hindus
* 3 days in August 1946
* 4,000 people were killed

Independence (1947)

* After WWII, Britain gives up the colony of India
* India was not as profitable to the British because of the protests, boycotts, resistance, etc.
* Indian Nationalists had succeeded in building enormous support for independence

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

* Muslim Leader
* was mocked by the INC so he called for strikes across India
* strikes turned into riots
* Pakistan’s founder and first leader
* he died in 1948, one year after independence

INC

Indian National Congress

Partition of India – Impact/Results

* British rule ended and the subcontinent was freed
* August 1947: India is split
* India and Pakistan are officially formed as separate countries
* Pakistan - Muslim
* India - Hindu
* Gandhi was very upset by the partition plan

Cyrus Radcliffe

* the British official responsible for the partition lines


* he never visited the border areas or knew the cultural differences
* he used outdated maps
* he simply took a pencil and drew lines

Conflict over Kashmir

* there have been 3 wars over the disputed territory of Kashmir
* both India and Pakistan want territory control over the area
* remains one of the most militarized zones in the world
* has been going on since before 1974 (73+ years)
* peace in Kashmir now seems further than it was before (they are making no progress with peace)
* 2 countries are STILL fighting for territory control over the region

Mohandas Gandhi’s death

he was assassinated by a Hindu extremist upset by Gandhi’s tolerance of Muslims

Nehru and Mrs. I. Gandhi’s policy of nonalignment

this means that he wanted to stay out of the fight and not at all get involved

China’s annexation of Tibet and the subsequent war

China transformed Tibet into a police state, without internet access and limited information flow. Tibet is full of protests because the people want to change this rule. They are ruling with an iron fist, they are using fear and power to keep the rule.

W. Pakistan vs. E. Pakistan, War w/ India

* An election in 1970 ended in victory for the Bengali candidate and the Punjabi candidate tried to take him out of power by trying to make the military arrest him
* the west was bigger and had a bigger population and got most of the money
* The East got fewer resources and money
* The East is Bengali
* The West is Punjabi

India becomes _th country with a nuclear weapon in 1974 *after* other countries signed the NPT (Nuclear Proliferation Treaty)

6th

India’s Poverty and stunting

* caste discrimination
* closed off to foreign investment
* lots of restrictions
* high taxes
* state run industries

Mrs. Gandhi’s “*Emergency”*

* she ordered the arrest of thousands of people
* India’s bill of rights was suspended
* people were jailed without being told why
* the press was censored
* when demonstrations broke out, violence was used to break them up and people were killed
* elections were cancelled

Golden Temple at Amritsar and Operation Blue Star

When Mrs. Gandhi ordered the Indian Army to drive out the Sikh separatists out of the Golden Temple because the Sikh separatists seized the Golden Temple

Mrs. Gandhi’s assassination

2 of her bodyguards (both Sikhs) turned their weapons on her. She was shot in the torso multiple times and she died on the operating table.

The creation of Bangladesh (1971)

In 1971, an internal crisis in Pakistan resulted in a third war between India and Pakistan and the secession of East Pakistan, creating the independent state of Bangladesh. These events altered the relationship between the United States and the region.

What is the meaning of separatists?

meaning they want to separate from their country

Sanjay Gandhi’s death

he was killed in an mysterious plane crash - he was the pilot

Rajiv Gandhi- forced sterilization; supported Sri Lankan gov’t against Tamil Tigers. Why?

because he was scared that the Sri Lankans would encourage the Tamils of India’s southern state to make separatist demands of their own if they didn’t help them

Rao’s focus on the economy- cutting “red tape”; devaluing Rupee; inviting foreign investment

He “unshackled the economy”… (1991-1996)

* he cut taxes
* devalued rupee
* cut bureaucratic red tape
* opened up India to foreign investment

he made it easier on the Indian population

India’s nuclear weapons test, followed by Pakistan’s nuclear tests

* when India was able to possess nuclear weapons, it spurred Pakistan to make their own atomic weapons (this was achieved 24 years later in 1998)
* when India tested 2, Pakistan tested 5 a week later
* India showed that they had a lot, so Pakistan wanted to have more

Babri Mosque incident

* the Hindus believe the very spot where the mosque was built was the birthplace of the God Ram
* Hindus fanned out into the nighborhood and set fire to Muslim owned businessess and houses
* religious riots spread across the country and 2,000 people were killed in strife
* this event separated religion and laws instead of keeping history and religious institutions

Gujarat Riots

* this happened because Muslims were blamed for the deaths of 59 Hindus


* lasted 2 months

What is the primary aim of Lashkar e-Taiba (LT)?

the liberation of Jammu and Kashmir from Indian Control

Prime Minister Modi

Modi was 63 when he replaced Manmohan Singh in 2014 he pledged to lead an honest government that will create jobs and opportunity, a message that went over well with India’s young, increasingly plugged-in, and affluent electorate.

Rajiv Gandhi’s Assassination

a suicide bomber attempted to kill Rajiv and she succeeded

Why did Singh decide not to retaliate to the Lashkar e-Taiba Terror Attacks?

because he didn’t want to escalate and risk war between the nuclear-armed rivals

Citizenship Law

* fast-tracked citizenship for non-Indians who migrated from Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and were adherents of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism, and Christianity
* excluded Muslims

BJP

Hindu nationalist party

Why was Modi’s bureacratic career shadowed by questions?

Modi’s bureaucratic career has been shadowed by question over his failure to stop the carnage when Hindu and Muslims riots in 2002 which left more than 1,000 dead. This led to the United States to deny Mr. Modi a visa.

How did Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s term end in Pakistan 1977?

he was deposed in a coup d’etat

General Zia compared Pakistan to what country? Why?

he compared Pakistan to Israel because both regions and their ideologies are the main sources of their strength

Soviet-Afghan War and Pakistan’s role (training/weapons)

The Pakistanis trained the Afghans and they distributed weapons as well.

US aid to Pakistan

President Reagan authorized 3.2 billion in monetary aid for Pakistan. Zia took the money but insisted Pakistan would decide how it was spent and who received aid.

Taliban takeover in Afghanistan

Mullah organized the force of the Taliban and the purpose was “to cleanse Afghanistan of lawlessness and corruption”

General Zia’s objective for Pakistan and his methods

he feared that Pakistan would be sandwiched between a communist Afghanistan and a Hindu India, so he created madrassas and embraced jihad as a strategy. He saw legions of Islamic fighters gathering on the Afghan frontier as a secret tactical weapon.

What is a madrassa?

a religious school

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

* Pakistani Prime Minister \[1973-1977\]
* \[1971\] War between India and Pakistan
* Bangladesh created
* \[1974\] he was charged with ordering the assassination of his political rival
* \[1977\] after only 4 years in power - coup d'état
* \[1979\] Bhutto was hanged

Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq

* the military general who organized the coup d'état against Bhutto
* he led a campaign to introduce Islamic Law and create an Islamic system within the nation

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Pakistan’s nuclear weapons program

* run by AQ Khan
* tested 5 in 1998
* AQ Khan is selling information to other countries
* once India was able have nuclear weapons, Pakistan started tested and trying to make them too

Abdul Qadeer Khan

* leader of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons program
* developed Pakistan’s nuclear weapons
* despite an international agreement to limit arms development, countries were developing weapons
* AQ Khan: Sold bomb-making equipment and gave technical advice to Libya, North Korea, and Iran (All aggressor nations)
* became the world’s most dangerous nuclear trafficker
* result: he was pardoned for his actions

9/11 report and terrorism in Pakistan

* following the 9/11 attacks, US and foreign officials looked at indicators to determine an ideal site would combine:
* rugged terrain
* weak governance
* room to hide or receive supplies
* low population density
* town nearby that allows access to the outside world

Pakistan was determined a likely spot

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Osama Bin Laden’s death (Pakistan)

* Some Taliban members hid out in the mountainous border between Afghanistan and Pakistan
* 2011: Bin Laden was killed in Pakistan by the US Seal Team 6

How did the Nehru Dynasty end?

Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated

Who was the first prime minster outside of the Nehru dynasty to complete a five year term?

Rao

What is known as India's 9/11?

Lashkar e-Taiba's attack on Mumbai on 11/26/08