AP Macro Unit 4 CED 2

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46 Terms

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Money

An asset accepted as a means of payment.

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Liquidity

The ease with which an asset can be converted into cash.

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Rate of Return

The gain or loss of an investment over a specified period, expressed as a percentage of the investment’s cost.

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Risk

The possibility of loss or gain on an investment.

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Nominal Interest Rate

The interest rate without adjustment for inflation.

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Real Interest Rate

The nominal interest rate adjusted for inflation.

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Open-Market Operations

The buying and selling of government securities by the central bank to influence the money supply.

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Fractional Reserve Banking

A banking system in which banks hold a fraction of deposits as reserves and lend out the remainder.

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Money Multiplier

The ratio of the money supply to the monetary base.

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Demand Deposits

Bank account balances that can be accessed on demand.

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T-Account

A tool used to analyze a bank's balance sheet/A simple, visual tool used in accounting to show the effects of transactions on a company's financial position. It's called a "T-account" because of its shape, with a "T" dividing the account into two sides.

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Equilibrium in the Money Market

Achieved when the quantity of money demanded equals the quantity of money supplied.

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Central Bank

The authority responsible for managing a country's currency, money supply, and interest rates.

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Fiscal Policy

Government policy regarding taxation and spending.

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Monetary Policy

Central bank actions that manage money supply and interest rates.

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Bank Reserves

The cash that banks keep on hand to meet customer withdrawals and central bank requirements.

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Excess Reserves

The amount of reserves banks hold above the required minimum.

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Required Reserves

The minimum amount of reserves a bank must hold against deposits.

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Equilibrium Real Interest Rate

The interest rate at which the quantity of loanable funds demanded equals the quantity supplied.

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Loanable Funds Market

A market where borrowers and lenders interact, affecting the equilibrium interest rate.

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Surplus in the Money Market

Occurs when the quantity of money supplied exceeds the quantity demanded.

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Shortage in the Money Market

Occurs when the quantity of money demanded exceeds the quantity supplied.

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Investment Tax Credit

A tax incentive that allows businesses to deduct a certain percentage of investment costs from their taxes.

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Aggregate Demand

The total demand for goods and services within an economy.

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Currency in Circulation

Physical money that is in the hands of the public.

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Monetary Base

The total amount of a country's currency that is either in circulation or held in reserve.

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Macroeconomic Goals

Objectives set by policymakers to influence economic performance, such as low inflation and high employment.

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Expected Inflation

The rate at which prices are anticipated to rise in the future.

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Opportunity Cost

The loss of potential gain from other alternatives when one alternative is chosen.

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Balancing the Federal Funds Rate

The interest rate at which depository institutions lend reserve balances to other depository institutions overnight.

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Economic Output Gap

The difference between actual output and potential output in an economy.

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Central Bank’s Discount Rate

The interest rate charged to commercial banks and other depository institutions on loans they receive from the central bank's discount window.

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Money Demand Curve

Graph showing the relationship between the quantity of money demanded and the nominal interest rate.

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Money Supply Curve

Graph showing the amount of money held in the economy at various interest rates.

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Government Securities

Debt instruments issued by a government to support government spending.

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Market Forces

The economic factors that affect the supply and demand for goods and services.

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Economic Models

Simplified representations of complex economic processes.

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Price Stability

A situation in which prices in an economy do not change much over time.

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Quantitative Easing

An unconventional monetary policy used by central banks to stimulate the economy.

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Interest on Reserves

The interest rate paid by the central bank on reserves held by commercial banks.

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Adjustments in Interest Rates

Changes made to the nominal interest rates by the central bank to influence economic activity.

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National Savings

The total savings of a nation's private and public sectors.

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Equilibrium Quantity of Loanable Funds

The amount of loanable funds at the equilibrium interest rate.

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Public Savings

The difference between government revenue and government spending.

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Private Savings

The portion of households' income that is saved rather than spent.

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Expanded Money Supply Effect

The increase in the amount of money in circulation in the economy as a result of monetary policy.