HUSH Unit One: Early America

Notes Part 1-4

Northeast ________ crossed the _______ between _______

1. Asian hunter-gatherers

2. Bering Strait

3. 20,000-12,000BCE

Over 1,000 years the climate warms and __________, tribal groups _____ across the Americas

1. ice shelves melt

2. fanout

Primary crops of many Native American societies include maize, _____, squash, ____, avocados, and _____

1. beans

2. chili peppers

3. pumpkin

______ climates allowed for an agricultural revolution, providing consistent sources of nutrition

1. Warmer

Agriculture allowed for _______ ________ in single locations, and the formation of North America Empires

1. permanent settlement

Mayans _____ before Europeans got there

left

Mayans are the _____ of the __________, spanned from modern day __________ to modern day _______

1. eldest

2. Central American Empires

3. Southern Mexico

4. Guatemala

Mayans had a vast network of _____ and _____, stone construction buildings

1. village

2. city states

Mayans eventually succumbed to ______ problems with _______ from over-farming, ______ _____, and wars with the neighboring _____

1. overpopulation

2. land destruction

3. internal conflict

4. Toltec

Mayans were _____

polytheistic

Inca was a Vast Empire settled across ________ along the western coast of South America between modern day ________

1. 2,500 miles

2. Ecuador and Argentina

Inca had cultural diversity, speaking as many as 20 different ______ and ______

1. languages

2. dialects

Inca had vast ______ and ____ networks between villages and city states

1. irrigation

2. road

The Mexica were ______, a lot of ______, and _____

1. polytheistic

2. human sacrifice

3. colorful society

The Mexica (Aztecs), were an aggressive and determined tribe that founded an Empire in modern day __________ by the early 1300s

1. central Mexico

The Mexica’s capital city was _______ and was founded in the center of modern day _______ was one of the greatest cities in the world during this time

1. Tenochtitlan

2. Mexico City

_________ reported complex social order, advanced farming techniques, and vast reaching civilization

1. Spanish Conquistadors

Remnants of the _______ cultures in the Ohio River Valley

1. Adena Hopewell

The Cahokia lasted from ______

1. 600-1300CE

The Cahokia was the largest Ancient North American Cities, located in modern day ____ near convergence of Mississippi and Missouri Rivers

1. Illinois

The Cahokia had a complex chiefdoms with enormous farming operations, monumental public buildings, ________, and large structures out of mounded earth

1. ceremonial plazas

Eastern Woodland People were spread along the Eastern Coast after the collapse of _____ from Maine to Florida

1. Cahokia

Eastern Woodland People were consisted of _______, ______, and the ________

1. Algonquian

2. Iroquoian

3. Muskogean

Eastern Woodland People were the indigenous societies that _______ would first encounter in North America

1. Europeans

Roman Catholicism is the eldest of Christian Denominations, dating back to the ______

1. Roman Empire

Roman Catholicism was the dominant religion in __________ until the 1500s

1. Western Europe

Protestant Reformation was intense religious movement that also had profound ______ and _____ effects

1. social

2. political

Calvinism: Named for the ideological founder ________, believed people did not need ____ or ____ as authority for Christianity also defined by belief in predestination

1. John Calvin

2. Popes

3. Kings

The Church of England: Arose as a break-away from Catholicism so ________ could divorce his first wife to marry Anne Boleyn

1. King Henry VIII

Many other _____ followed

1. denominations

Conquistadors _______ soldiers hired by _____

1. “conquerors“

2. Hernan Cortes

Conquered the Aztec Empire through deception, staging a ________ Replaced Mexica rulers with Spaniard ones, resulting in the creations of “New Spain“

1. coup d’etat

Encomienda a medieval _______ whereby favored soldiers or officials received huge parcels of ____, and control over the ____ who live on said land

1. socioeconomic

2. land

3. people

Encomienda implemented in the wake of _______

1. Spanish Conquest

The encomienda said Spanish were expected to _______ the Indians and provide then with protection in exchange for “tribute“ - a share of their goods and services

1. Christianize

The Colombian Exchange was a worldwide transfer of ______, ______, and _____

1. plants

2. animals

3. diseases

The Colombian Exchange favored the _____ to detriment of the _______ peoples

1. Europeans

2. indigenous

The Colombian Exchange included the exchange of such plants to Europe such as cane sugar, peanuts, squash, peppers, tomatoes, pumpkins, _______, ______, and _____

1. pineapples

2. avocados

3. cocoa

The Colombian exchange also resulted in the introduction of new deadly _____ to the New World which ravaged the native populous

1. diseases

Up to _______ of the indigenous populace wiped out 7 years after Columbus’s first voyage

1. 80 to 90 percent

Europeans and enslaved Africans introduced deadly diseases that _____ have never encountered

1. Native Americans

Infectious diseases included _____, typhus, malaria, mumps, ______, and ______

1. smallpox

2. chickenpox

3. measles

Infectious disease reduced the Native population by ________ percent within 75 years

1. 80-90

New Mexico settled as a new colony in 1598 under the Spanish Empire Would go on to become the central hub of _______ activity in the American Southwest

1. Catholic missionary

Life under the Catholic mission system in New Mexico was similar to ______ or serfdom

1. indentured

Spain dispatches an armada to England in response to years of ____ on Spanish Ships. Defeated by faster and more nimble English ships.

1. sea raids

Spanish Armada effectively ended Spain’s superior ________, allowing England to establish a foothold in the New World

1. naval influence

England has a more (1) system of power and hierarchy than other European countries, dividing more of the power between the (2) and the lesser aristocracy, the (3).

complex, nobility, gentry

What is “The Great Charter?”

A document guaranteeing English political liberties

(1) was signed by (2) on (3)

“The Greater Charter,“ King John, June 15, 1215

Why did King John sign The Great Charter?

Due to the pressure from his rebellious barons

What did “The Great Charter” establish?

1. Established England would be a land ruled by common law that no one was above
2. Established Parliament, a representative body composed of the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

What did the Parliament do?

They possessed the power to levy taxes, allowing some financial control over the Monarchy

What time period is England establishing colonies in the New World?

1600s

English colonies were founded by whom?

Churches and private companies rather than by The Crown

What are the English colonists driven to go to the New World?

1. Overpopulation in England
2. The promise of better prospects in the New World

Why was the Joint Stock Companies created?

They were used to fund ventures to the New world, English colonists would form these agreements

What did the Joint Stock Companies provide?

They provided a portion of the venture’s fund in exchange for a share in future profits that it will yield

What did the Virginia Company attempt to do?

They attempted to establish a colony in 1607, arriving to find disease, drought, and starvation in a place of gold, friendly Indians, and easy living

What was the Powhatan Confederacy?

A large conglomerate of 14, 000 Indians living along the Atlantic Coast. Defining Colonial-Native relations

What did the chief do in the Powhatan Confederacy?

He sought to impose his will over Colonial settlements

What was the first profitable crop in the Jamestown Colony?

Tabacco

What is tobacco?

A plant native to the Americas, traditionally used for smoking

What states would be producing 15 million pounds of tobacco for export by 1607?

Virginia and Maryland

What did farmers depend on with tobacco?

They depended on large forces of cheap laborers for culvation

What were indentured servants?

They were colonists who sold several years worth of free labor in exchange for paid passage to America

What were indentured servants sometimes granted?

Sometimes they would get a small plot of land upon completion of contract (They could get out of their debt)

What was headright?

A land grant given to prospective colonials

What did Englishmen get from headright?

Any Englishman who bought a share in the company and could pay for a passage to Virginia could have fifty acres upon arrival, and fifty more for each servant he brought along

Who were Puritans?

A reform-minded Protestant Christians, who believed that the Church of England needed more “purifying“ of Catholic influence. Preferred to boil religion down to its basic elements. (They did not call themselves Puritans and came on Mayflower, were religiously persecuted)

What was the Mayflower Compact?

A covenant signed by the Puritans to from “a civil body politic“ based on “Just and Civil laws.“ First document to establish self-governance in the New World

What was the Plymouth Colony?

The first Permanent Settlement in New England, founded in 1620

Who founded the Plymouth Colony?

The Puritan Separatists founded it, looking to leave the influence of the Anglican Church

What was Bacon’s Rebellion?

An armed revolt in Virginia in 1676 led by one Nathaniel Bacon

Why was Bacon’s Rebellion started?

It started due to a list of grievances with the Governor, William Berkeley

What did Berkeley do?

Berkeley was notorious for having failed to address growing concerns over safety in regard to conflict with local Natives

What was the effect of Bacon’s Rebellion?

The coalition of indentured servants and free people of color hardened the racial caste system in the New World, resulting in a decline of indentured servants and a rise in chattel slavery

What was King Philip’s War?

Also known as Metacom’s War. A conflict that marks the last major effort to push English Colonists out of New England

Who started King Philip’s War?

Started by Wampanoag chief, Metacom (called King Philip by the Colonists), who resented European efforts to take Native lands and convert Natives to Christianity

What was the effect of King Philip’s War?

It cut New England’s Native population in half

What was the Iroquois League?

A Native American alliance formed in the wake of King Philip’s War between the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk people

What did the Iroquois League mange to do?

It managed to play to both the French and English colonists

Slaves made up what percent of the American Population by 1700?

They made up 11% and 20% by 1770

Where were captured Africans from?

Captured Africans were bought from Slave Forts on the Western African Coast, and transported to the Americas

Enslaved people also included a minority of who?

Native Americans

What was the Middle Passage?

The route across the Atlantic Ocean from Africa to the Americas

What is death rate?

Death rate refers to the number of deaths in the population, often compared and contrasted with the birth rate

Which death rate was less?

The Death Rate in the American Colonies came to be less than that of Europe

What is birth rate?

Birth rate is the rate at which births occur in the population; often compared and contrasted to the Death rate

Which birth rate was higher?

American Colonial Birth Rate was also higher than that of Europe

What is the relation between the birth rate and death rate?

If the birth rate is high and the death rate is low than the population is increasing → it is a developing city/country

What was women’s work?

Domestic work reserved for women in the house, yard, and field

What beliefs did English Colonists bring about women?

They brought their beliefs and prejudices with them to America, including convictions about the inferiority of women

What happened overtime with women’s work?

Women’s work over time, necessity paved the way out of traditional roles for women

What were staple crops/cash crops?

The most popular and profitable agricultural products in a given region

Name the cash crops

Tobacco in Virginia, Rice and Indigo in the Carolinas, and Sugar in the Caribean Islands

What was the triangular trade?

The Atlantic Ocean trade route between Europe, Africa, and America

What did the triangular trade include?

Included the import and export of a wide range of goods, labor, and services from each

What was race-based slavery the answer to?

It was the answer to the problem of needing cheap labor for agriculture in the New World

What were Africans considered by the White Americans?

Africans considered “heathens“ by Europeans. This perception entitled white Americans to use Africans as slave labor