Studied by 11 people
Northeast ________ crossed the _______ between _______
1. Asian hunter-gatherers
2. Bering Strait
3. 20,000-12,000BCE
Over 1,000 years the climate warms and __________, tribal groups _____ across the Americas
1. ice shelves melt
2. fanout
Primary crops of many Native American societies include maize, _____, squash, ____, avocados, and _____
1. beans
2. chili peppers
3. pumpkin
______ climates allowed for an agricultural revolution, providing consistent sources of nutrition
1. Warmer
Agriculture allowed for _______ ________ in single locations, and the formation of North America Empires
1. permanent settlement
Mayans _____ before Europeans got there
left
Mayans are the _____ of the __________, spanned from modern day __________ to modern day _______
1. eldest
2. Central American Empires
3. Southern Mexico
4. Guatemala
Mayans had a vast network of _____ and _____, stone construction buildings
1. village
2. city states
Mayans eventually succumbed to ______ problems with _______ from over-farming, ______ _____, and wars with the neighboring _____
1. overpopulation
2. land destruction
3. internal conflict
4. Toltec
Mayans were _____
polytheistic
Inca was a Vast Empire settled across ________ along the western coast of South America between modern day ________
1. 2,500 miles
2. Ecuador and Argentina
Inca had cultural diversity, speaking as many as 20 different ______ and ______
1. languages
2. dialects
Inca had vast ______ and ____ networks between villages and city states
1. irrigation
2. road
The Mexica were ______, a lot of ______, and _____
1. polytheistic
2. human sacrifice
3. colorful society
The Mexica (Aztecs), were an aggressive and determined tribe that founded an Empire in modern day __________ by the early 1300s
1. central Mexico
The Mexica’s capital city was _______ and was founded in the center of modern day _______ was one of the greatest cities in the world during this time
1. Tenochtitlan
2. Mexico City
_________ reported complex social order, advanced farming techniques, and vast reaching civilization
1. Spanish Conquistadors
Remnants of the _______ cultures in the Ohio River Valley
1. Adena Hopewell
The Cahokia lasted from ______
1. 600-1300CE
The Cahokia was the largest Ancient North American Cities, located in modern day ____ near convergence of Mississippi and Missouri Rivers
1. Illinois
The Cahokia had a complex chiefdoms with enormous farming operations, monumental public buildings, ________, and large structures out of mounded earth
1. ceremonial plazas
Eastern Woodland People were spread along the Eastern Coast after the collapse of _____ from Maine to Florida
1. Cahokia
Eastern Woodland People were consisted of _______, ______, and the ________
1. Algonquian
2. Iroquoian
3. Muskogean
Eastern Woodland People were the indigenous societies that _______ would first encounter in North America
1. Europeans
Roman Catholicism is the eldest of Christian Denominations, dating back to the ______
1. Roman Empire
Roman Catholicism was the dominant religion in __________ until the 1500s
1. Western Europe
Protestant Reformation was intense religious movement that also had profound ______ and _____ effects
1. social
2. political
Calvinism: Named for the ideological founder ________, believed people did not need ____ or ____ as authority for Christianity also defined by belief in predestination
1. John Calvin
2. Popes
3. Kings
The Church of England: Arose as a break-away from Catholicism so ________ could divorce his first wife to marry Anne Boleyn
1. King Henry VIII
Many other _____ followed
1. denominations
Conquistadors _______ soldiers hired by _____
1. “conquerors“
2. Hernan Cortes
Conquered the Aztec Empire through deception, staging a ________ Replaced Mexica rulers with Spaniard ones, resulting in the creations of “New Spain“
1. coup d’etat
Encomienda a medieval _______ whereby favored soldiers or officials received huge parcels of ____, and control over the ____ who live on said land
1. socioeconomic
2. land
3. people
Encomienda implemented in the wake of _______
1. Spanish Conquest
The encomienda said Spanish were expected to _______ the Indians and provide then with protection in exchange for “tribute“ - a share of their goods and services
1. Christianize
The Colombian Exchange was a worldwide transfer of ______, ______, and _____
1. plants
2. animals
3. diseases
The Colombian Exchange favored the _____ to detriment of the _______ peoples
1. Europeans
2. indigenous
The Colombian Exchange included the exchange of such plants to Europe such as cane sugar, peanuts, squash, peppers, tomatoes, pumpkins, _______, ______, and _____
1. pineapples
2. avocados
3. cocoa
The Colombian exchange also resulted in the introduction of new deadly _____ to the New World which ravaged the native populous
1. diseases
Up to _______ of the indigenous populace wiped out 7 years after Columbus’s first voyage
1. 80 to 90 percent
Europeans and enslaved Africans introduced deadly diseases that _____ have never encountered
1. Native Americans
Infectious diseases included _____, typhus, malaria, mumps, ______, and ______
1. smallpox
2. chickenpox
3. measles
Infectious disease reduced the Native population by ________ percent within 75 years
1. 80-90
New Mexico settled as a new colony in 1598 under the Spanish Empire Would go on to become the central hub of _______ activity in the American Southwest
1. Catholic missionary
Life under the Catholic mission system in New Mexico was similar to ______ or serfdom
1. indentured
Spain dispatches an armada to England in response to years of ____ on Spanish Ships. Defeated by faster and more nimble English ships.
1. sea raids
Spanish Armada effectively ended Spain’s superior ________, allowing England to establish a foothold in the New World
1. naval influence
England has a more (1) system of power and hierarchy than other European countries, dividing more of the power between the (2) and the lesser aristocracy, the (3).
complex, nobility, gentry
What is “The Great Charter?”
A document guaranteeing English political liberties
(1) was signed by (2) on (3)
“The Greater Charter,“ King John, June 15, 1215
Why did King John sign The Great Charter?
Due to the pressure from his rebellious barons
What did “The Great Charter” establish?
Established England would be a land ruled by common law that no one was above
Established Parliament, a representative body composed of the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
What did the Parliament do?
They possessed the power to levy taxes, allowing some financial control over the Monarchy
What time period is England establishing colonies in the New World?
1600s
English colonies were founded by whom?
Churches and private companies rather than by The Crown
What are the English colonists driven to go to the New World?
Overpopulation in England
The promise of better prospects in the New World
Why was the Joint Stock Companies created?
They were used to fund ventures to the New world, English colonists would form these agreements
What did the Joint Stock Companies provide?
They provided a portion of the venture’s fund in exchange for a share in future profits that it will yield
What did the Virginia Company attempt to do?
They attempted to establish a colony in 1607, arriving to find disease, drought, and starvation in a place of gold, friendly Indians, and easy living
What was the Powhatan Confederacy?
A large conglomerate of 14, 000 Indians living along the Atlantic Coast. Defining Colonial-Native relations
What did the chief do in the Powhatan Confederacy?
He sought to impose his will over Colonial settlements
What was the first profitable crop in the Jamestown Colony?
Tabacco
What is tobacco?
A plant native to the Americas, traditionally used for smoking
What states would be producing 15 million pounds of tobacco for export by 1607?
Virginia and Maryland
What did farmers depend on with tobacco?
They depended on large forces of cheap laborers for culvation
What were indentured servants?
They were colonists who sold several years worth of free labor in exchange for paid passage to America
What were indentured servants sometimes granted?
Sometimes they would get a small plot of land upon completion of contract (They could get out of their debt)
What was headright?
A land grant given to prospective colonials
What did Englishmen get from headright?
Any Englishman who bought a share in the company and could pay for a passage to Virginia could have fifty acres upon arrival, and fifty more for each servant he brought along
Who were Puritans?
A reform-minded Protestant Christians, who believed that the Church of England needed more “purifying“ of Catholic influence. Preferred to boil religion down to its basic elements. (They did not call themselves Puritans and came on Mayflower, were religiously persecuted)
What was the Mayflower Compact?
A covenant signed by the Puritans to from “a civil body politic“ based on “Just and Civil laws.“ First document to establish self-governance in the New World
What was the Plymouth Colony?
The first Permanent Settlement in New England, founded in 1620
Who founded the Plymouth Colony?
The Puritan Separatists founded it, looking to leave the influence of the Anglican Church
What was Bacon’s Rebellion?
An armed revolt in Virginia in 1676 led by one Nathaniel Bacon
Why was Bacon’s Rebellion started?
It started due to a list of grievances with the Governor, William Berkeley
What did Berkeley do?
Berkeley was notorious for having failed to address growing concerns over safety in regard to conflict with local Natives
What was the effect of Bacon’s Rebellion?
The coalition of indentured servants and free people of color hardened the racial caste system in the New World, resulting in a decline of indentured servants and a rise in chattel slavery
What was King Philip’s War?
Also known as Metacom’s War. A conflict that marks the last major effort to push English Colonists out of New England
Who started King Philip’s War?
Started by Wampanoag chief, Metacom (called King Philip by the Colonists), who resented European efforts to take Native lands and convert Natives to Christianity
What was the effect of King Philip’s War?
It cut New England’s Native population in half
What was the Iroquois League?
A Native American alliance formed in the wake of King Philip’s War between the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk people
What did the Iroquois League mange to do?
It managed to play to both the French and English colonists
Slaves made up what percent of the American Population by 1700?
They made up 11% and 20% by 1770
Where were captured Africans from?
Captured Africans were bought from Slave Forts on the Western African Coast, and transported to the Americas
Enslaved people also included a minority of who?
Native Americans
What was the Middle Passage?
The route across the Atlantic Ocean from Africa to the Americas
What is death rate?
Death rate refers to the number of deaths in the population, often compared and contrasted with the birth rate
Which death rate was less?
The Death Rate in the American Colonies came to be less than that of Europe
What is birth rate?
Birth rate is the rate at which births occur in the population; often compared and contrasted to the Death rate
Which birth rate was higher?
American Colonial Birth Rate was also higher than that of Europe
What is the relation between the birth rate and death rate?
If the birth rate is high and the death rate is low than the population is increasing → it is a developing city/country
What was women’s work?
Domestic work reserved for women in the house, yard, and field
What beliefs did English Colonists bring about women?
They brought their beliefs and prejudices with them to America, including convictions about the inferiority of women
What happened overtime with women’s work?
Women’s work over time, necessity paved the way out of traditional roles for women
What were staple crops/cash crops?
The most popular and profitable agricultural products in a given region
Name the cash crops
Tobacco in Virginia, Rice and Indigo in the Carolinas, and Sugar in the Caribean Islands
What was the triangular trade?
The Atlantic Ocean trade route between Europe, Africa, and America
What did the triangular trade include?
Included the import and export of a wide range of goods, labor, and services from each
What was race-based slavery the answer to?
It was the answer to the problem of needing cheap labor for agriculture in the New World
What were Africans considered by the White Americans?
Africans considered “heathens“ by Europeans. This perception entitled white Americans to use Africans as slave labor
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Flashcard (40)