Lecture Notes on Human Development and Adolescence

A comprehensive set of practice flashcards covering key concepts from the lecture notes on human development, holistic development, psychosocial stages, adolescence, stress, and coping mechanisms.

What are the three domains of human development?

Physical Development, Cognitive Development, and Psychosocial Development.

In development, what do 'Nature' and 'Nurture' refer to?

Nature refers to genetic/hereditary influences; Nurture refers to environmental influences and experiences.

Define Personal Development.

The process of reflecting on oneself, understanding who you are, accepting discoveries about yourself, and learning (or unlearning) values, attitudes, behaviors, and thinking to reach one’s fullest potential.

In philosophy, what is the 'Self'?

An intangible entity that directs a person’s thoughts and actions—the essence of a person including thoughts, feelings, experiences, beliefs, values, and relationships.

How is Personality defined?

The unique and relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual.

What factors influence personality?

Hereditary (genetics) and environmental influences.

What is Holistic Development?

Development that involves all parts of a person, not just one aspect.

What is Dualism in philosophy?

The view that reality can be understood as two distinct parts, typically mind and body.

What is Mind-Body Dualism specifically?

The view that the human being is composed of two interacting substances: mind and body.

What are Holism and Gestalt?

Holism: wholes are greater than the sum of parts; Gestalt: something made of many parts is more than the sum or different from the sum.

What are the five aspects of holistic development?

Physiological, Cognitive, Psychological, Social, and Spiritual.

What are the six basic emotions identified by Paul Ekman?

Happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, surprise, and anger.

What is Attitude?

A person’s thoughts, feelings, and emotions about a person, object, idea, behavior, or situation.

What is Behavior?

A manifestation or acting out of the attitudes an individual has.

What are Values?

Things a person or group believes are good or desirable and that give meaning and purpose to life.

What are the Five Core Workplace Values listed?

Integrity, Accountability, Diligence, Perseverance, and Discipline.

Stage 1 – Trust vs. Mistrust: When and what is the outcome?

Infancy (birth to 2 years); if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.

Stage 2 – Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: Key outcome?

Early Childhood (2–3 years); toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.

Stage 3 – Initiative vs. Guilt: Key outcome?

Late Childhood (3–5 years); they learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent.

Stage 4 – Industry vs. Inferiority: Key outcome?

School Age (6–12 years); children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior.

Stage 5 – Identity vs. Role Confusion: Key outcome?

Adolescence (12–20 years); teenagers test roles and integrate them for a single identity, or become confused about who they are.

Stage 6 – Intimacy vs. Isolation: Key outcome?

Young Adulthood (20–25 years); form close relationships and gain capacity for intimate love, or feel socially isolated.

Stage 7 – Generativity vs. Stagnation: Key outcome?

Adulthood (25–65 years); contribute to the world usually through family and work, or feel a lack of purpose.

Stage 8 – Integrity vs. Despair: Key outcome?

Maturity (65+); reflecting on life, feeling either satisfaction and integrity or despair and regret.

What are common psychosocial concerns in middle and late adolescence?

Sexual relationships, academic concerns, group belongingness, developing/regaining self-esteem, roles, parents working abroad, career choice, relationships, and values/beliefs.

What is the significance of identity in adolescence?

Teens test roles and integrate them for a single identity, or become confused about who they are.

What characterizes intimate relationships in adolescence?

An intimate relationship involves physical and/or emotional intimacy and the human need to belong and love.

What are some effects of parental immigration on children?

Heartbreak for children, confusion over gender roles, vulnerability to abuse, and consumerist attitudes.

What does maturity contribute to in relationships?

Maintaining healthy relationships requires a certain level of maturity; expectations are tied to roles and responsibilities.

What is stress?

A reaction of the mind and body to a stimulus that disturbs well-being or equilibrium.

What are the three forms of stress described?

Stress as Stimulus (stressors), Stress as Response (body’s reaction), and Stress as Relational (assessment and coping).

What is Healthy Stress?

Stress that can motivate, energize, and spur performance under pressure.

What are common student stressors listed?

School demands/expectations, selecting a school/course, separation anxiety, college life, romantic relationships, family demands, health concerns, social life demands, bullying.

What is Problem-Focused coping in stress?

Coping that targets the root of the problem (e.g., studying, tutoring, changing circumstances) rather than emotions.

Provide an example of Problem-Focused coping for a failing math class.

Create a study schedule, attend tutoring sessions, and ask the teacher for extra help.

Provide an example of Problem-Focused coping for family money problems.

Find part-time work after school and cut back on personal spending.

Provide an example of Problem-Focused coping for a friendship misunderstanding.

Talk to the friend calmly to resolve the issue.

What is Emotion-Focused coping in stress?

Coping that centers on regulating negative emotional reactions to stressful situations (e.g., journaling, talking with friends, listening to music).

Provide an Emotion-Focused coping example for heartbreak.

Journaling, listening to music, and talking to close friends to cope with sadness.

Provide a coping example for presentation anxiety (emotion-focused).

Breathing exercises, visualization of success, and recalling past successes to calm nerves.

What are some child/adolescent development goals?

Developing occupational skills, self-reliance, ability to manage finances, social responsibility, mature work orientation, personality responsibility, and a positive attitude toward work.

What statement connects expectations to roles and responsibilities?

Expectations are tied to one’s roles and responsibilities.