Studied by 4 people
Section called treaty of versaille- france facts on affects after WW``1
what were frances casualties after WW1
300,000 houses destroyed,6,000 factories,1,500 miles of railway,50% of all roads,2,000 breweries and 7 million acres of farmland
how many French soldiers were killed
1,400,000
describe the most important task for the French government after ww1
rebuild france e.g. Arras
money to compensate for the houses,factories,roads,railways,breweries and farmland
French also seeked revenge
describe the following terms
Abdicated
Armistice
British Naval Blockade
Central Powers
Kaiser
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Abdicated- monarch to renounce their own thrown
Armistice- agreement of both sides to stop fighting or surrender
British Naval Blockade-The BRitish deployed naval vessels from english channel to norway to stop Germany and Austria-Hungary from getting resources
Kaiser- old king of Germany
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare-Submarine Sinks all form of enemy shipping including trade boats and resourceful boats + neutral boats from other countries
what was the situation in Germany and berlin before 1961 and what was significant about berlin
in 1945 Germany had been divided into four zones and berlin had been divided into four sectors. berlin was like a mini globe of the cold war.
what was the situation in east Germany and berlin in 1961
East Germnays population had fallen from 19 million to 17 million- (BRAIN DRAIN)
Kennedy visited Berlin- keen to look strong against communism as he was the youngest ever US president
Quote form kennedy about Berlin
“an island of freedom in a communist sea, its beacon of hope behind the iron curtain, an escape hatch for refugees”
Why was the berlin wall built and when was it built
Built in august 1961- to stop people from escaping from east berlin or east germany and going into West berlin using it as an “escape hatch”
Stop espionage
Stops the brain drain
Stops people seeing the prosperity of the west
How did the berlin wall affect people living in Berlin
West Berlin was sealed off from East Berlin
Many families who lived in different parts of the city were divided
If you tried to cross to west it would be likely that you would get shot, permanently stopping the movement of refugees from East germany and east berlin to the more prosperous West Berlin
There was only one crossing point for people from the west to visit the East (CHECKPOINT CHARLIE)
How many people escaped East germany through berlin in 1961 and how many in 1962 through to it being taken down?
190,000-1961
5,000-1962
Describe events in poland between 1980 and 1982 involving solidarity
July 1980- increases in the prices of meat by 100%
Strikes organised by lech walesa in the lenin shipyard in Gdansk
solidarity quickly became a figurehead for widespread strikes
memebrship of solidarity goes to 9-10 million members by Jan 1981
Lech walesa published his 21 demands August 1980
Dec 1981- Jaruzelski banned solidarity and imposed martial law which made more trouble
Walesa was released from prison in 1982
Was the berlin wall successful?
only 5000 people escaped the berlin wall after its full construct of 28 years
As there had been free movement between east and west berlin, many people travelled between the two sectors to visit family and friends or for work. As a result many people became stuck in east berlin
Many east germans continued to attempt escape plans to West berlin. The GDR killed over 130 people atempting to go over, around or under the berlin wall
between 1961 and 1989 escape plans included:
climbing and jumping from windows next to wall
flying over wall in hot air balloons
using open top cars to duck underneath barries at the berlin walls checkpoints
Using the sewer system to travel to west berlin
Positive outcomes of the berlin wall
West berlin remained independent of communist influence. It became a symbol of freedom across europe
the berlin wall created a stalemate. Khruschev had failed to incorporate Berlin into the soviet union, Kennedy had shown khrushcev could not bully the USA out of berlin
the migration of millions of east germans was no longer an issue between the two countries
External reasons for solidaritys success
Papal support- John Paul the second, was polish, gives hope to the polish people
International support- Lech Walesa nobel peace prize
USSR busy in afghanistan
Times were changing for oppresive regimes
Ronld reagan speeches
Margaret Thatcher visits poland
ANC in south africa
1985, Gorbachev becomes leader of the USSR
Internal reasons for solidaritys success
Polish people had had enough- low living standards, food prices
Hungry for change
Lech walesas leadership
General Jaruzzelski
Catholic Faith- POPE
What was the name of improved relations with the USA in the 1970s
Detente- relaxation of tension
What was the USSRs agriculture like
in 1981 and 1982, The USSR Had to import American wheat
Average annual growth - fell by 3.2% from 1966-80
Agricultural output- it was calculated that in 1980, in the US one agriculture worker could feet 7.5 times the amount a USSR farmer could
What was the USSRS industry like
centralized economy
average annual growth fell by 6% from 1955-1983
What was the USSR foreign policy military and arms race like in 1985?
defence budget - spent 162 million
size of armed forces - 4.4 million
Tanks 45,000
bombers- 8,500
What was the USSRS sport like in the 1980s
Soviet athletes boycotted the 1984 olympics los angeles olympics in retaliation for the US athletes doing the same in 1980
Describe the USSR by the mid 1980s
Broken, economically and ideologically bankrupt
Describe gorbachevs policy - glasnost
Glasnost means openness and transparency
more free speech
relaxation of censorship
secret police powers would be reduced
greater religious freedom
some democracy
politicians should be out on the streets listening to the people
“ we cant keep living like this”
Describe gorbachevs policy - perestroika
Perestroika means “economic reconstruction”
wants to reduce state control over the economy
reduce defence spending
introduce some elements of the free marlet and private business
wants to kickstart the economy
What was the impact of glasnost and perestroika
Giving people a little taste of the freemarket led to the people of the USSR developing an appetite. They started demanding more, leading to GORBYMANIA
what was gorbymania
enthusiasm for mikhail gorbachev after his new policies in government
Gorbachev and thatcher
when gorbachev visited Britain in 1984 Mrs Thatcher said “I like Mr Gorbachev, we can do business together”
Reagan in the 1980s towards Soviet Union
reagan was very anti communist and called the USSR and “evil empire”
When did gorbahcve abandodn the post of soviet control
1988
Deaths of USA AND GB
usa -117000
GB-1million
Motives of DLG
wartime experience- 2.3 million wounded, 1m dead
Public opinion- “Hang the Kaiser”
“Hard but Fair”
Dont want to weaken germany too much
Dont strangle the goose that lays the golden egg
Motives of woodrow wilson
No debt- gained money infact
Belief that punitive treaties lead to revenge, revenge leads to war
Anti- imperialist
Idealist
Aims OF clemenceau
high reparations
german disarmament
alsace lloriane to be returned to france
germany to be split into a number of smaller states
Industrial saarland to be under french control
Aims of wilson
Fourteen points
Aims
Global disarmament
free trade between nations
leauge of nations to be created
self determination
idealost
“peace without victory”
Aalnad islands crisis 1921
Aaland islands are in the baltic
both countries claimed the islands
the leauge intervened to reach a judgement on the dispute
ruled that finland should control the islands
sweden accepted the leauges ruling and war was avoided
What was the corfu crisis in 1923
In august 1923, five italian surveyors were working along the border for the leauge of nations. They got shot as this happens. Mussolini demands compensation from the greek government, they refuse.
He invaded corfu 15 people died, Greece appealed to Lof N
The leauge condemned mussolini but say Greece should pay compensation
Mussolini takes this to court of ambassadors and won and got his way
FAIL
What was the mosul crisis in 1925?
Iraq and turkey both claimed an important oil rich area in iraq called Mosul
The leauge intervened and rule in favour of iraq (BRITISH MANDATE)
Turkey accepted the ruling
Greece and Turkey 1920-23
Treaty if sevres (1921) gave most of turkeys european land to greece
turkish nationalists overthrew the ottoman empire and created a republic
Turkey then waged war against greece to remove them from the region
Not until 1923 the treaty of lesanne (1923) was signed ) giving land to turkey
FAIL
Upper silesia crisis (1921)
border dispute, Germany and Poland plebiscite ( popular vote)
700,000 voted to join germany
400,000 to Poland
What is a plebiscite
vote of the people
What was the bulgaria crisis in 1925
greece invaded bulgaria
leauge morally condemned them
greece backed down
what is the message of this source?
the message of the cartoon is… give big message (can have a couple of goes at the message)
2. sub message- what is going on in the cartoon (USE CONTENT FOR THESE TWO)
why was the cartoon published at that time?
focus on the author, date, target audience, point of view of the cartoon, what the author is trying to tell the audience
why was this source published in … (year)
the cartoon was published in (date) because
content of the cartoon- message
context of the cartoon- why was it publish at that time? -Author, Date, Target Audience, point of view of the cartoon
How far do these sources provide convincing evidence
pick out which sources agree with the one point and which source agreee with another
make an argument and quote on each source
explain how it is for/against the statement
evaluate whether each source is convincing
Why was the soviet union able to take control in eastern europe in 1945-8
Red army presence
Comecon (1949) set up to control resources, dont become too powerful and send resources to russia
cominform(1947) used to control the government
propaganda
rigged elections
espionage
What was life like behind the iron curtain
Secret police-(arbitrary power)
(AVO-hungary)
STASI- East germany
Shortage of consumer goods
no unemployment
conscription
no free speech/ press
state ownership of industry
no free elections
low living standards
resctricitons on travel
Khruschevs secret soeech
Talks about destalinisation, denouncing stalins methods of violence fear and tyranny
He invited marshall tito to moscow
This caused a thaw in the cold war
What was Hungary like in the 1950s and name of method of change for hungary
-Sovietisation
Hungarians hated the restrictions imposed upon them by their pro soviet leader
RAKOSI
They were bitter about losing their freedom of speech
they resented the secret police and the thousands of soviet troops in their country
some areas of Hungary had russian street signs, russian school and shops
Name German losses from the treaty of versailles
10% of her land in europe
12.5% of her population
100% of her coal fields
50% of her iron and steel industries
Who was JM keynes
he was an economist whho thought the treaty of versailles as too harsh
he predicted that there would be another war in europe as a result of the treaty
How did germans react to the treaty of versaille
they sought revenge
thought that german politics stabbed them in the beack - called them ( NOVEMBER CRIMINALS
15000 Freihorps tried to siege power in Berlin
The french invasion of the Ruhr
French invaded the ruhr in 1923 because Germany couldnt pay her reparations
allowed to march in to collect raw materials
Why did hyperinflation occur in germany
German government printed money to pay the workers of the Ruhr
if the german workers stopped working at the Ruhr,
France and belgium couldnt do anythung
the german mark became worthless
points which support the treaty of versailles was fair
Alsace lorraine returned to france
reparations ( to a certain extent)
disarmament- they invaded a neutral country
unrestricted submarine warfare- Germany banned of her submarines
Self determination _ independence for the baltic states
By 1921 Ger produced 3x steel than france ( has the capacity to pay reparations)
what was the leauge of nations
an international collective security organisation - DETERRENT
proposed by woodrow wilson as part of his fourteen points
Covenant of the leauge was articles 1-26 in the treaty of versaille
what were the main aims of the leauge of nations
to prevent war and maintain international peace by acting as a collective security organisation
to supervise the mandated colonies and sort out border problems following the paris peace conference
to uphold the peace treaties
to foster international trade
to improve living and working conditions for all
through various committees and comissions
the assembly of the leauge of nations
only met once a year
every country in the leauge sent a representative to the assembly
the decisions made by the assembly were for equality ( unanimous)
the council of the leauge of nations
smaller group than the assembly
GB,FR,ITA,JAP
Mehtids of punishment used by leauge
moral condemnation
economic sanction
military action
the permanent court of international justice
Hauge, Netherlands
made up of many judges from members/countries
made decisions and gave legal advices to assembly or council
arbitration
settling of disputes
Case study 1-Hungary 1956
1953- under pressure to reform
invited popular imre nagy to join his government
Hungarians hated RAKOSI
Hungarians had to pay for soviet forces to be in Hungary
1955: rakosi sacked nagy! - due to being to popular lead to rakosi being even more unpopular
After Khruschev secret speech riots in poland gave them a new leader Gomulka
Oct 23: statue of stalin pulled down
Oct 24: Soviet tanks entered budapest
USSR allowed new government under Nagy
cardinal mindszenty freed from prison
Nagy announced leave of Warsaw pact
4th Nov. red army invaded budapest 3,000 Hungarians kiled 200,000 fled to Austria
West distracted by suez canal crisis
Case study 2 Czechoslovakia 1968:
New USSR leader Brezhnev
Sino-Soviet split
mood was changing for czechoslovakia ( could be new romania)
Brezhnev did not support novotny in the student protest
New leader Alexander dubcek
Dubcek socialsim with a human face
Action reform programme- greater limits of polices powers, greater freedom of speech. allowed foreign media to be availabe from march 1968
New social democratic party emerged
dubcek stressed they would stay in warsaw pact but TiTO of yugoslavia visited prague
Bratislava declaration announced - total commitment to international socialism
Brezhnev doctrine- USSR would not allow any eastern european countries to reject communism
500,000 warsaw pact troops inaded czechoslovakia
Prague spring outcomes: czechoslovakia returned to stricter communist regimes
Dubcek was arrested and expelled from communist party
1969: student JAN PALACH burned imself to death in wencelas square in 1969
300,000 czechs illegally fled the country to live in the west
Albania left warsaw pact
Note
Flashcard