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A __________ change occurs when a substance undergoes a change in properties but not a change in composition.
physical
The process of __________ occurs when a solid turns directly into a gas without passing through the liquid phase.
sublimation
Physical properties include __________, color, texture, flexibility, density, and mass.
shape
A __________ mixture has visibly distinguishable parts.
heterogeneous
When heated, a clear, colorless, crystalline solid that gives off a pale yellow-green gas undergoes a __________ change.
chemical
The formation of a __________ indicates a chemical change, such as solids forming in a solution.
precipitate
A __________ change is often difficult to reverse and involves the production of new substances.
chemical
The __________ of a substance means changing its state from solid to liquid or gas without altering its composition.
phase change
In a __________ mixture, the different components are not distinguishable and appear uniform.
homogeneous
The reaction of __________ hydroxide with hydrochloric acid produces heat, indicating a chemical reaction occurred.
sodium
What is a physical change?
When a substance undergoes a change in properties but not in composition.
What occurs during sublimation?
A solid turns directly into a gas without passing through the liquid phase.
Give an example of a physical property.
The Shape
What defines a heterogeneous mixture?
Visible distinguishable parts.
What indicates a chemical change?
The production of a precipitate.
Why is a chemical change often difficult to reverse?
A chemical change involves the production of new substances.
What happens during a phase change?
A phase change involves changing a substance's state without altering its composition.
What characterizes a homogeneous mixture?
In a homogeneous mixture, the components are not distinguishable and appear uniform.
What is an example of a chemical reaction?
Reaction of sodium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid producing heat
What does the presence of a precipitate suggest?
A chemical reaction has occurred.
What is an acid?
A substance that donates hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.
What is a base?
A base is a substance that accepts hydrogen ions or donates hydroxide ions (OH-) in a solution.
What is the pH scale?
A scale measuring the acidity or basicity of a solution, ranging from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very basic). A pH of 7 is neutral.
What is a chemical reaction?
A process that involves the transformation of one or more substances into different substances.
What are reactants?
Starting materials in a chemical reaction that undergo change.
What are products?
Substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
What is a catalyst?
A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.
What is combustion?
A chemical reaction that occurs between a fuel and an oxidant, often producing heat and light.
What is oxidation?
Oxidation is the process in which a substance loses electrons, often associated with the addition of oxygen or the removal of hydrogen.
What is reduction?
The process in which a substance gains electrons, often associated with the addition of hydrogen or the removal of oxygen.
What does AP Chem 4.1 cover?
Chemical properties and behaviors of solutions, including solubility, concentration, and reaction rates.
What is solubility?
The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent, especially at a specific temperature and pressure.
What factors affect the solubility of a substance?
Temperature, pressure, and the nature of the solute and solvent.
What is concentration?
The amount of solute present in a given volume of solution, often expressed in molarity (M).
What are common types of chemical reactions in solutions?
Precipitation reactions, acid-base neutralizations, and redox reactions.
What is a precipitation reaction?
Two soluble salts are combined in solution, resulting in the formation of an insoluble solid.
What role do acids play in solution chemistry?
Acids increase the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution, affecting reaction rates and pH.
What is a titration?
A technique used to determine the concentration of a solution by reacting it with a standard solution.
What factors affect reaction rates in a solution?
Concentration of reactants, temperature, presence of catalysts, and surface area.
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