flower
make up the reproductive parts of flowering seed plants
seeds
fill in the blank
the primary function of a flower is to produce _________ for reproduction
pollen
contains the male reproductive cells (sperm) of the flower
ovary
swollen base of a pistil
complete flower
has sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils
pistillate
lack stamens and bear only pistils
monoecious
any plant on which both staminate and pistillate flowers are produced in the same plant
dioecious
produce staminate and pistillate flowers just as monoecious plants do, but the two types of flowers are borne by separate plants
length of daylight and night
temperature
soil fertility
what are the factors that affect flowering?
fruit
when the ovary is fully ripened
pollination
the process by which pollen reaches the pistil
nectar
a sweet-tasting, watery liquid produced by plants
fertilization
a sperm cell brought by a pollen grain fuses with the egg cell within the ovule
gametes
sperm cell and egg cell
ripening
growing larger and developing into a fruit
simple fruits
form from one flower that has only one pistil
berries
the entire ovary is fleshy and juicy throughout
berries
tomatoes, grapes, cucumbers, watermelons, oranges
drupes
fleshy and juicy, but not throughout the entire fruit
drupes
peaches, plums, cherries, olives, apricots, mangoes, walnuts
pomes
simple fruits with an outer fleshy layer and an inner papery core
pomes
apples and pears
legumes
simple fruits that consist of a pod enclosing several seeds
legumes
peas, beans, peanuts
samaras
consist of small dry seeds with one or more wing-like structures attached to a stem
samaras
maples, ashes, elms
nuts
simple dry fruits consisting of a seed enclosed in a hard covering, or shell
nuts
chestnuts, hickory nuts, hazelnuts, acorns
achenes
simple fruits consisting of a seed and a shell
grains
fruits of the grass family
aggregate fruits
form from one flower that has several pistils
multiple fruits
form from several flowers
viable
able to germinate and grow
agent dispersal
an outside agent carries the seeds
seed coat
provides a protective covering for the seed
plumule
a tiny shoot that will develop into the stem and leaves of the plant
radicle
will develop into the root system of the plant
dormancy
a period of inactivity
germination
the sprouting of the seed
george washington carver
one of america’s greatest plant scientists; sweet potato and peanut
buds
the parts of the stem that allow it to grow in length or to develop new stems, flowers, or leaves
nodes
one of the points at which leaves grow from the stem
primary growth
growth of a stem in length
xylem
plant vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots to the leaves
vascular cambium
a layer of meristematic tissue that produces new bark and new xylem and is responsible for the secondary growth of woody stems
pith
soft tissue at the center of young stems
bark
the outer section of a woody stem
phloem
innermost layer of the bark; carries sugars and other foods made in the leaves downward to the growing parts of the stem and roots
vessels
large water-conducting tube in the xylem of a woody stem
heartwood
inner portion of a woody stem, made of older xylem tubes that have become clogged and been sealed off
secondary growth
growth of a stem in width
annual growth rings
distinct layer in the xylem of a woody stem formed by annual variation in the rate of secondary growth
rind
outer covering of a monocot stem
asexual reproduction
no union of sex cells
cutting
a piece of a stem or root that can grow into a new plant
tropism
response in which an organism turns either toward or away from a stimulus
auxins
growth hormones secreted by the tips of shoots
ethylene
simplest of the main plant hormones
ABA
hormone that signals plant tissues to remain dormant
bulb
made up of a special stem and leaves designed to store food
rhizomes
thick stems that grow horizontally under the ground providing food storage and a means of vegetative reproduction
tuber
bud-containing special stem that grows underground to store food
thorns
long, sharp special stem that provides protection to a plant
taproots
penetrate the soil with relatively little branching; commonly found in dicots
fibrous roots
have no main section but spread out with very thin roots, forming a tangled mass in shallow soil
root hairs
finger-like projection of epidermal cells that increases the water-absorbing surface area of a plant root
root cap
cone-shaped structure that covers and protects the tip of a plant root
meristematic region
region closest to the end
diffusion
process of mixing molecules of one substance through another by random molecular motion
osmosis
one-way diffusion through a semipermeable membrane
sap stream
upward flow of water and minerals through the xylem
root pressure
capillarity
transpirational pull
what are the three factors of sap stream?