biology test 2 review

ch. 3-4 good luck 😾 idk ab u but im tired

flower

make up the reproductive parts of flowering seed plants

seeds

fill in the blank

the primary function of a flower is to produce _________ for reproduction

pollen

contains the male reproductive cells (sperm) of the flower

ovary

swollen base of a pistil

complete flower

has sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils

pistillate

lack stamens and bear only pistils

monoecious

any plant on which both staminate and pistillate flowers are produced in the same plant

dioecious

produce staminate and pistillate flowers just as monoecious plants do, but the two types of flowers are borne by separate plants

• length of daylight and night

• temperature

• soil fertility

what are the factors that affect flowering?

fruit

when the ovary is fully ripened

pollination

the process by which pollen reaches the pistil

nectar

a sweet-tasting, watery liquid produced by plants

fertilization

a sperm cell brought by a pollen grain fuses with the egg cell within the ovule

gametes

sperm cell and egg cell

ripening

growing larger and developing into a fruit

simple fruits

form from one flower that has only one pistil

berries

the entire ovary is fleshy and juicy throughout

berries

tomatoes, grapes, cucumbers, watermelons, oranges

drupes

 fleshy and juicy, but not throughout the entire fruit

drupes

peaches, plums, cherries, olives, apricots, mangoes, walnuts

pomes

simple fruits with an outer fleshy layer and an inner papery core

pomes

apples and pears

legumes

simple fruits that consist of a pod enclosing several seeds

legumes

peas, beans, peanuts

samaras

consist of small dry seeds with one or more wing-like structures attached to a stem

samaras

maples, ashes, elms

nuts

simple dry fruits consisting of a seed enclosed in a hard covering, or shell

nuts

chestnuts, hickory nuts, hazelnuts, acorns

achenes

simple fruits consisting of a seed and a shell

grains

fruits of the grass family

aggregate fruits

form from one flower that has several pistils

multiple fruits

form from several flowers

viable

able to germinate and grow

agent dispersal

an outside agent carries the seeds

seed coat

provides a protective covering for the seed

plumule

a tiny shoot that will develop into the stem and leaves of the plant

radicle

will develop into the root system of the plant

dormancy

a period of inactivity

germination

the sprouting of the seed

george washington carver

one of america’s greatest plant scientists; sweet potato and peanut

buds

the parts of the stem that allow it to grow in length or to develop new stems, flowers, or leaves

nodes

one of the points at which leaves grow from the stem

primary growth

growth of a stem in length

xylem

plant vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots to the leaves

vascular cambium

a layer of meristematic tissue that produces new bark and new xylem and is responsible for the secondary growth of woody stems

pith

soft tissue at the center of young stems

bark

the outer section of a woody stem

phloem

innermost layer of the bark; carries sugars and other foods made in the leaves downward to the growing parts of the stem and roots

vessels

large water-conducting tube in the xylem of a woody stem

heartwood

inner portion of a woody stem, made of older xylem tubes that have become clogged and been sealed off

secondary growth

growth of a stem in width

annual growth rings

distinct layer in the xylem of a woody stem formed by annual variation in the rate of secondary growth

rind

outer covering of a monocot stem

asexual reproduction

no union of sex cells

cutting

a piece of a stem or root that can grow into a new plant

tropism

response in which an organism turns either toward or away from a stimulus

auxins

growth hormones secreted by the tips of shoots

ethylene

simplest of the main plant hormones

ABA

hormone that signals plant tissues to remain dormant

bulb

made up of a special stem and leaves designed to store food

rhizomes

thick stems that grow horizontally under the ground providing food storage and a means of vegetative reproduction

tuber

bud-containing special stem that grows underground to store food

thorns

long, sharp special stem that provides protection to a plant

taproots

penetrate the soil with relatively little branching; commonly found in dicots

fibrous roots

have no main section but spread out with very thin roots, forming a tangled mass in shallow soil

root hairs

finger-like projection of epidermal cells that increases the water-absorbing surface area of a plant root

root cap

cone-shaped structure that covers and protects the tip of a plant root

meristematic region

region closest to the end

diffusion

process of mixing molecules of one substance through another by random molecular motion

osmosis

one-way diffusion through a semipermeable membrane

sap stream

upward flow of water and minerals through the xylem

1. root pressure

2. capillarity

3. transpirational pull

what are the three factors of sap stream?