SSD Final Study Guide Flashcards

Flashcards based on SSD Final Study Guide notes.

Diaphragm and External Intercostals

Muscles of Inhalation

Thyroid Prominence

More sharply angled in males, explaining why males have more prominent thyroid cartilage.

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles (LCA), transverse arytenoid muscles (TA), oblique arytenoid muscles (OA)

Adductors necessary for vibration of the air supplied by the respiratory system

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscles (PCA)

Abductor; contract to pull the arytenoids in a rotating fashion, making them swivel laterally & helping produce voiceless consonants.

Tongue, Lips, Soft Palate, and Jaw

Articulators

Throat, Mouth, and Nasal Passages

Resonators

Articulation

Focuses on speech.

Phonology

Focuses on sound patterns.

SSD Coexistence

SSDs can coexist with language disorders and literacy disorders.

Allophone

A variation of a phoneme without changing meaning; phonetic variations of the same phoneme.

Phoneme

The smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish one word from another.

Digraph

Two letters that form a sound (e.g., CK)

Morpheme

The smallest unit of meaning. (Free morpheme: a whole word/can stand alone. Bound morpheme: attached to a word; changes the meaning of the word (prefix/suffix)

Allograph

A different way of writing the same letter or character.

Minimal Pairs

Words that vary by only one phoneme in the same word position (e.g., Look-book)

Intensity

Preceded as loudness (amplitude (magnitude) of energy associated with a particular sound

Pitch

Frequency; the number of sound wave cycles that occur in one second, measured in Hertz (Hz).

Suprasegmentals

Features that extend beyond individual sounds (segments) and affect the way a word or phrase is spoken (e.g., inappropriate syllable stress).

Citation Form

An isolated and deliberate production of a word/phrase.

Connected Speech

Individual sounds are articulated differently

Coarticulation

Influence sounds have on one another; Allophonic variation of the same sound

PMV

PLACE, MANNER, VOICE relating to consonants & vowels

Syllable Shapes

Refers to the pattern of consonants (C) and vowels (V) within a syllable (Syllables: V, CV, VCV, CVCV (94%))

Phonological Processes

Error patterns that should have disappeared persist beyond the expected age for those processes.

Epenthesis

The addition of a letter, sound, or syllable to the middle of a word

Syllable Deletion

A phonological pattern where children will omit the weak or unstressed syllable in a multisyllabic word.

Final Consonant Deletion (FCD)

A phonological process where children omit the final consonant in a word (e.g., Cat-ca)

Assimilations

A sound becoming more like a nearby sound, often for ease of articulation.

Deaffrication

A substitution pattern in which an affricate, such as 'ch' or 'j,' is replaced with a fricative or stop, such as 'sh' or 'd.'

Diacritic Marks

Are used to indicate that a sound is produced with grater intensity or emphasis

Reflexive Vocalizations

Automatic responses reflecting the physical state (e.g., crying, coughing, burping, hiccupping).

Non-Reflexive Vocalizations

“Voluntary” productions (e.g., cooing, babbling, playful screams).

Phonation Stage

Reflexive vocalization (Birth to 2 months)

Primitive Stage

Coo & goo; quasi vowels; primitive (uncoordinated) (1-4 months)

Expansion Stage

Vocal play (3 – 8 mo.) Pitch variability, Marginal babbling: Vocal tract open and closed

Canonical Babbling Stage

(5 – 10 mo.) Reduplicated babbling - Variegated babbling stage (10 – 12 mo.)

Integrative Stage

Onset of speech

True Words

Single syllable, or fully or partially reduplicated syllables- usually open syllables, usually stops, nasals, and glides

Treatment Program

A comprehensive plan outlining the approach and strategies for speech therapy.

Treatment Variables

Specific techniques and interventions used by the clinician during therapy sessions to target and improve speech sound production

Baselines

the student's current level of strength in their weakest area and does NOT have reinforcers

Prompts

Hints or clues that help draw a response from a reluctant person.

Reinforcer

Anything that encourages or increases the likelihood of a desired speech or language behavior occurring again.

Stimuli

Any sound, object, or event that prompts a speech-related response or action.

Phonetic Placement

Guiding a speaker to produce a sound correctly by teaching the specific articulatory positions (like tongue, lip, and jaw movements) needed for that sound.

Shaping

A technique where a speaker is gradually guided toward a more accurate or complex articulation of a sound or word by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior.

Modeling

Clinicians model the target behavior that the child is expected to produce.

Traditional Approach

Simple (isolation) to complex (conversation)

Concurrent Approach

Is randomize variable practice task simple and complex training task intermixed. mix of simple and complex targets

Cycles Approach

A speech therapy method targeting phonological patterns, not individual sounds, in children with severe speech sound disorders

Stimulability

Key component of Cycle's approach - Only stimulable sounds (those the child can imitate with help) are targeted

Production Training

Sound Stabilization, solidifying a speech sound's correct production across various contexts, making it automatic and consistent

Minimal Opposition Therapy

A speech therapy approach that utilizes sets of two words that differ by only one sound to target phonological errors.

Maximal Opposition Therapy

speech-language therapy approach that uses word pairs where the contrasting sounds differ significantly, or maximally, from each other on multiple dimensions like place, manner, and voicing.

Multiple Oppositions

targets multiple error sounds simultaneously within a phoneme collapse (use multiple opposition)

Auditory Discrimination

The ability to recognize, compare, and distinguish between different sounds within speech.

Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)

Inconsistent errors on consonants and vowels in repeated productions. Disrupted coarticulatory transitions between sounds/syllables. Inappropriate prosody, especially in stress patterns.

Dialect

A regional variety of a language differing from the standard language

Code Switching

the act of alternating between two or more languages or dialects within a single conversation, or even a single sentence