genv exam 2 simple textbook terms

Agrarian

farming life and land use systems

Agribusiness

all businesses involved in food production from seeds to stores

Agricultural industrialization

farming as part of a large industrial system

Agriculture

growing crops and raising animals for food and profit

Aquaculture

farming fish and other water life

Biofuel

fuel made from plants like corn or soy

Biopharming

putting genes into plants to produce substances

Biorevolution

genetic engineering of plants and animals

Biotechnology

using living things to improve products or processes

Blue revolution

rapid growth of fish farming

Borlaug hypothesis

low yield farming needs more land or fewer people

Chemical farming

using chemicals to increase crop production

Commercial agriculture

farming to sell products

Community supported agriculture (CSA)

people pay farmers in advance for local food

Contract farming

farmers grow crops under agreement with companies

Conventional farming

farming with chemicals and intensive animal methods

Cost price squeeze

costs rise while prices drop reducing profit

Crop rotation

switching crops to keep soil healthy

Double cropping

growing more than one crop per year on the same land

Famine

extreme hunger causing death

Fast food

quick ready to eat food

Food manufacturing

processing food before it reaches stores

Food regime

system linking food production consumption and profit

Food security

reliable access to enough food

Food sovereignty

right to control food and farming systems

Food supply chain

steps from inputs to consumption

Genetically modified organism (GMO)

organism with lab altered DNA

Globalized agriculture

farming connected across the world

Green revolution

spread of high yield crops and fertilizers

Hunting and gathering

getting food from wild plants and animals

Intensive subsistence agriculture

small land high effort farming for maximum output

Intertillage

growing different crops together

Local food

food grown nearby

Malnutrition

lack of proper nutrients

Mechanization

using machines instead of human labour

Nontraditional agricultural exports (NTAE)

export crops like fruits and flowers

Organic farming

farming without synthetic chemicals

Pastoralism

raising animals for food and resources

Peri urban agriculture

farming on city edges

Shifting cultivation

moving farms to keep soil fertile

Slash and burn agriculture

clearing land by cutting and burning plants

Slow food

focus on local traditional food

Subsistence agriculture

farming for personal use

Swidden

land cleared by burning for farming

Transhumance

seasonal movement of livestock

Undernutrition

not enough food or calories

Urban agriculture

farming in or near cities

Citizenship

legal membership in a country with rights and duties

Confederation

group of independent states working together

Decolonization

colonized people regain control

Democratic rule

people choose leaders by voting

Discourse

shared way of thinking

Domino theory

one country turns communist others follow

East west divide

split between communist and non communist countries

Federal state

power shared between central and regional governments

Geopolitics

control of land shapes political power

Global civil society

groups between government and business

Heartland theory

control of central Asia leads to global power

Human rights

basic rights all people have

Imagined community

people who feel part of the same nation

International organization

group of countries working together

International regime

global systems shaping cooperation

Nation

group with shared culture or identity

Nationalism

loyalty to a nation and its independence

Nation state

country with one main cultural group

New world order

idea of one dominant global power after Cold War

North south divide

gap between rich North and poorer South

Orientalism

view of East as inferior to West

Reapportionment

redistributing political seats after census

Regionalism

strong regional identities within a country

Sectionalism

extreme loyalty to a region

Self determination

right to control own political future

Sovereignty

state authority over land and people

State

independent political unit

Supranational organization

group of states sharing power

Territorial representation

representation based on location

Territory

land controlled by a state

Terrorism

violence used for political goals

Unitary state

central government holds most power

Zionism

movement to create a Jewish homeland

Central place

settlement providing goods and services

Central place theory

explains city size and spacing

Centrality

importance of a city in a system

Colonial city

city built by colonial powers

Counterurbanization

people move from cities to rural areas

Gateway city

city linking regions or countries

Informal sector

unregulated economic activity

Megacity

very large dominant city

Overurbanization

city grows faster than jobs and housing

Primacy

largest city dominates others

Rank size rule

city sizes follow a pattern

Reurbanization

people move back to city centers

Shock city

city showing rapid change

Squatter settlement

housing built without legal land rights

Urban ecology

social patterns in city areas

Urban form

city layout and structure

Urban system

network of cities in a region

Urbanism

city way of life

Beaux Arts

classic decorative urban design style

Central business district (CBD)

main commercial area of a city