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Fertility Rate
The number of births per woman in a population.
Crude Birth Rate
The number of births per 1,000 people.
Crude Death Rate
The number of deaths per 1,000 people.
Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
Achieved when births and immigration balance with deaths and emigration.
Growth Rate (r)
The rate at which a population is growing, calculated as change in population divided by population size.
Doubling Time
The time required for a population to double in size, estimated using the formula Doubling Time = 70 / Growth Rate (%).
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average number of children a woman will have over her lifetime.
Replacement Fertility
The rate at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next, typically 2.1 in developed nations.
Population Momentum
The tendency for population growth to continue despite a fall in birth rates, due to a large proportion of the population being in the reproductive age group.
Demographic Transition Model
A model that describes population change over time, with stages from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.
Infant Mortality Rate
The number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.
Life Expectancy
The average number of years a person can expect to live based on current mortality rates.
Population Projections
Estimates of future population sizes based on current trends and statistical models.
Challenges in Developed Nations
Issues occurring due to negative population growth, such as fewer workers and stress on social systems.
Urbanization
The process by which an increasing percentage of a population lives in cities and suburbs.
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