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Tablets

The most common solid dosage forms available. They can vary in shape, size, weight, and color, dissolution properties, and method of delivery. Some are scored with a groove that allows it to be easily broken to provide additional medication strengths.

Sublingual

A small tablet that is administered by placing it under the tongue until the tablet melts. This allows the medication to bypass the digestive system and quickly be absorbed in the body to be utilized immediately. These medications have rapid responses.

Scored

Tablets that have a divided center making them easier to split and divide. (allows for dose flexibility)

Enteric-coated

Protects the drug from the acidic degradation of the stomach while protecting it from other unwanted effects. Tablets that are coated to delay the release of medication until the tablet has bypassed the stomach and reached the intestines.

Capsules

A small cylinder or container with a gelatin shell which contains different ingredients: dry powders, liquids, and semisolids. They make up 20% of the medications dispensed. Some people prefer capsules because they can be easier to swallow.

Lozenges

Solid dosage forms that are intended to be dissolved or disintegrated slowly in the mouth to provide medication to the oral cavity.

Troches

A small chewy medicated lozenge designed to provide medication to the oral cavity and can be like candy or gummy consistency.

Powders

A solid dry substance that was crushed or grinded to form finely divided particles. They have a high shelf life and are a good alternative to pills. Creates versatility in medicine as it can be combined with other medicine. May be mixed into a liquid to improve the taste and make it easier to swallow.

Suppositories

Small object you put into your body, it dissolves and releases medication once inside the body - designed to melt at internal body temp. Can be inserted rectally, vaginally, even in the urethra.

Solutions

Liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances completely dissolved in a suitable solvent or a mixture of mutually miscible solvents.

Syrup

A medicine in the form of a thick liquid containing a sugar solution. The cough medicine is supplied as a thick, sweet syrup. The thick syrup is sweetened with a solution of sugar.

Suspension

A dosage of water and the drug, however the drug is insoluble in water - drug does not completely dissolve and remains 'suspended' in the liquid. Bottles of suspension medications must be shaken before dispensing as well as a 'shake well' label should be placed on the prescription bottle.

Mouthwash

A liquid used for rinsing the mouth. Typically contains an antiseptic. Provide medication to the oral cavity. Patients are usually directed to swish and swallow or swish and spit.

Inhalations

Medication inhaled through the lungs (gaseous). Either placed in a nebulizer to provide topical application of medication to the respiratory tract or metered dose inhaler.

Ointment

A smooth oily preparation that is rubbed on the skin for medicinal purposes or as a cosmetic. Can be applied to skin OR mucous membranes.

Cream

A semisolid dosage form of more than 20% water, that is applied to the skin. Easily rinsed off - non-greasy.

Lotions

An emulsion, liquid dosage form. This dosage form is generally for external application to the skin. Thinner in consistency than creams, but cover greater body areas and areas heavily covered with hair.

Gels

A gel is a solid or semisolid system that contains small particles of liquid medication.

Pastes

Solid particles are dispersed in a semisolid material, intended for topical application. Very stiff form of ointment.

Transdermal patch

Medicated adhesive patches that are placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream. The reservoir helps hold medication so that it is released as a continuous supply over a certain period of time.

Aerosols

Nebulizers turn liquid medication into a mist. Using a mask or mouthpiece medication is delivered to the respiratory tract through a compressed air machine. The air machine forms extremely fine particles or tiny droplets.

Spacers

A device that works with an inhaler to deliver inhaled medication more easily and effectively in order to reduce side effects.

Syringes

A tube with a nozzle/piston used to suck and inject liquid in a thin stream. Can also be used to administer parenteral medications with needle attachment.

Parenteral Medications

Drugs given through routes other than the digestive tract, typically through injection.

Solid Dosage forms

Absorbed through enteral route. Most common form of medication taken. These forms can be capsules, tablets and all vary in shape, size, weight and color. They have varying delivery methods and properties.

Effervescent tablets

Uses a chemical reaction (the release of carbon dioxide gas) to hasten tablet dissolution. These tablets MUST be dissolved in a glass of water or other liquid before ingestion.

Buccal tablets

Tablets placed between the cheek and gums. These tablets are designed to dissolve slowly and not be swallowed. This process allows the medicine to bypass the digestive tract.

Film-coated tablets

Tablets coated with the purpose of masking taste

Liquid Dosage forms

 A route for medication specifically for those who cannot swallow solid dosage forms. Typically used for children.

Notes: May need refrigerated, Sometimes flavor may need to be added to mask the taste. They have a shorter shelf life.

Tincture

A liquid dosage form that contains alcohol to mask flavor.

Emulsion

contains oil and water. Oil is suspended in the water with the help of emulsifying agents. The oil and water separate to form two clearly visible layers. Must be shaken before dispensing.

Elixir

A liquid dosage form that is a clear sweet combinations of water and alcohol.

Gaseous Dosage form

active ingredients dissolved or suspended in a propellant (liquified gas); when valve is opened the propellant vaporizes and discharges the active ingredient as a fine spray or mist

Pharmacology

the study of interactions between a drug and the body

Pharmacodynamics

the study of HOW a drug affects the body

Pharmacokinetics

the study of HOW the body affects a drug

Drug Absorption

Process where a drug is taken up from the site of administration and is transported to the bloodstream

Drug Distribution

Process where a drug, once in the bloodstream, is delivered to specific organs and tissues in the body to exert its pharmacological effects

Enteral Absorption

Drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the GI tract

Topical Absorption

Drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the skin

Inhalation

Drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the lungs

Parenteral

Drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through injection routes

Drug Metabolism

Disappearance or transformation of a drug, when it changes chemically into another compound (occurs primarily through the liver)

Drug Excretion

Process by which the drug is eliminated from the body (primarily by the kidney)

Bioavailability

This is a percentage or fraction of the administered dose of a drug that actually reaches systemic circulation

OTC Drugs

Deemed safe enough by FDA for individual to take without being under the supervision of a licensed provider

Dietary Supplements

Not regulated by the FDA; ex: vitamins, minerals, herbs, oils

Legend Drugs

another name for prescription drugs

Scheduled Drugs

AKA: controlled substances; Drugs considered to have a risk for potential adverse side effects, abuse, or dependency

ACE Inhibitors

-pril; HTN, heart failure

Alpha Blockers

-osin, -azosin; HTN, BPH

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (A2RBs / ARBs)

-artan, -sartan; HTN, heart failure

Anticholinergics

-nacin; Overactive bladder, urinary incontinence, COPD

Antifungals

-azole, -conazole; Fungal Infections

Antivirals

-vir; Viral disorders (Influenza, Herpes, covid-19, HIV, etc)

Benzodiazepines

-am, -pam; Anxiety, insomnia, seizures

Beta Blockers

-olol; HTN, arrhythmia, glaucoma

Beta 2 Agonists (Long-acting beta-agonist: LABAs)

-terol; Asthma, other lung diseases

Bisphosphonates

-dronate; Osteoporosis

Calcium Channel Blockers

-dipine; HTN

Cephalosporins

ceph-, cef-; Bacterial infections

Corticosteroids

-olone, -sone; asthma, allergies, autoimmune disorders

DPP4 Inhibitors

-gliptin; Diabetes Mellitus II

Dopamine Agonists

-ole; Parkinson's, restless leg syndrome

Factor Xa Inhibitors

-ban; Blood clot treatment/prevention

Fluoroquinolones

-floxacin; Resistant Bacterial infections

GLP-1 Analogs

-glutide, -adine; Diabetes Mellitus II & obesity

H1 Blockers

-iramine, -adine; Allergies, allergic reactions

H2 Blockers

-tidine; GERD, peptic ulcers

HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

-statin; Hyperlipidemia (High Cholesterol)

Potassium (K+) Sparing Diuretics

-actone; HTN, heart failure

Leukotriene Antagonists

-lukast; Allergies, asthma

Loop Diuretics

-emide; Edema, HTN

Lincosamides

-mycin; Bacterial infections

Macrolides

-mycin; Bacterial infections

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

-ine; Depression, Anxiety

Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs)

-fen; Pain & inflammation, Arthritis

Opioids

-codone; Severe pain

Penicillins

-cillin; Bacterial Infections

Phosphodiesterase 5 Enzyme (PDE-5) Inhibitor

-afil, -fil; Erectile Dysfunction

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)

-prazole; Peptic ulcers, GERD

Prostaglandin Analogs

-prost; Glaucoma

SGLT-2 Inhibitors

-gliflozin; Diabetes Mellitus II

Serotonin (5-HT) Agonists

-triptan; Migraines

Sulfonamides

sulfa-; Bacterial Infections

Sulfonylureas

gli-; Diabetes Mellitus II

Thiazide Diuretics

-thiazide; Edema, HTN

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Inhibitors

-mab; Psoriasis, RA, Crohn's

Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)

-triptyline; Depression, nerve pain

Tetracyclines

-cycline; Bacterial Infections

TZDs (Thiazolidinediones)

-glitazone; Diabetes Mellitus II

5-alpha reductase inhibitors

-steride; BPH

1906: The Pure Food and Drug Act (PFDA)

Required all foods and drugs to meet a standard of strength and purity.

1914: The Harrison Narcotic Act

Regulated drugs that produce or sustain physical and psychological dependence, like Opium.

1938: The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)

Manufacturers of drugs and cosmetics must prove that their products are safe.

1951: The Durham-Humphrey Amendment to the FFDCA

Clarified the distinction between prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Required physician consent for refills.

1962: The Kefauver-Harris Amendment to the FFDCA

Required drug manufacturers to prove the safety and efficacy of their products before approval by the FDA for marketing.

1970: Poison Prevention Packaging Act

Requires child-proof packaging for safety.

1970: Controlled Substances Act (CSA)

Classified drugs based on their potential for abuse: schedules I-IV

1972: Drug Listing Act

Requires registered drug establishments to provide the FDA with a current list of all drugs intended for commercial distribution.